Molecules

Question 1

2 main points about lipids

Answer 1

hydrophobic and not macromolecules

Question 2

groups of lipids

Answer 2

fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 3

components of fat

Answer 3

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

Question 4

what reaction makes fats and what bond is formed

Answer 4

dehydration, ester

Question 5

major function of triacylglycerol

Answer 5

energy storage

Question 6

two types of fats

Answer 6

saturated and unsaturated

Question 7

saturated fats

Answer 7

no double bonds, pack tightly together, solid at room temp

Question 8

unsaturated fats

Answer 8

double bonds, cannot pack tightly, cis bonds cause a kink, liquid at room temperature

Question 9

phospholipid components

Answer 9

two fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate, 1 molecule`

Question 10

what are the hydrophobic parts of a phospholipid

Answer 10

fatty acid tails

Question 11

what are the hydrophilic parts of a phospholipid

Answer 11

phosphate, glycerol, molecule head

Question 12

what are steroids made of

Answer 12

four fused rings

Question 13

what are steroids used for

Answer 13

parts of membranes, sex hormones

Question 14

what are monomers used for

Answer 14

to build polymers, can also function on their own

Question 15

what are macromolecules

Answer 15

polymers built from monomers

Question 16

what type of bond connects macromolecules

Answer 16

covalent bonds

Question 17

what reaction is used to form a polymer

Answer 17

dehydration, removes H2O

Question 18

What reaction is used to break down a polymer

Answer 18

hydrolysis, adds an h2o

Question 19

how many water molecules are created when a polymer with 20 monomers is synthesized

Answer 19

19

Question 20

monosaccharide unit

Answer 20

Ch2O

Question 21

what groups are in monosaccharides

Answer 21

one carbonyl (aldose or ketose) and multiple OH groups

Question 22

function of monosaccharides

Answer 22

major nutrient

Question 23

what do monosaccharides do in aqeuous solutions

Answer 23

form rings, more stable

Question 24

two examples of monosaccharides, what carbonyl group does each have

Answer 24

glucose (aldose) and fructose (ketose)

Question 25

What joins two monosaccharides

Answer 25

glycosidic linkage

Question 26

what is a glycosidic linkage

Answer 26

covalent bond formed via dehydration

Question 27

what are two examples of disaccharides, what monosaccharides are they composed of

Answer 27

1. sucrose = glucose + fructose 2. Maltose = glucose + glucose

Question 28

what are the two types of polysaccharides

Answer 28

structural and storage

Question 29

what are two storage polysaccharides

Answer 29

Starch and glycogen

Question 30

What cells use starch, what is starch made of, branched?

Answer 30

plants, glucose monomers, amylose and amylopectin, unbranched

Question 31

where is starch stored

Answer 31

plastids

Question 32

what cells use glycogen, what is it made of, branched?

Answer 32

animals, glucose monomers, branched

Question 33

where is glycogen stored

Answer 33

liver and muscle cells

Question 34

what are two types of structural polysaccharides

Answer 34

1. cellulose 2. chitin

Question 35

what is cellulose made of, what is it used for

Answer 35

glucose monomers, makes cell walls

Question 36

what is the difference between cellulose and starch, what is their shape

Answer 36

starch = alpha, helical cellulose = beta, straight

Question 37

what is alpha and beta

Answer 37

based on position of OH group Up = beta down = alpha

Question 38

What is chitin used for and made of

Answer 38

exoskeleton, beta linkage with N

Question 39

what are proteins used for

Answer 39

enzymes, structure, storage, cell signaling

Question 40

what are proteins made up of

Answer 40

polypeptides

Question 41

what is a peptide bond between

Answer 41

two amino acids

Question 42

what makes up an amino acid

Answer 42

amino group (NH2), side chain (R), carboxyl group (COOH)

Question 43

what is the center carbon in an amino acid called

Answer 43

alpha carbon

Question 44

what are the four types of amino acids

Answer 44

polar, non polar, acidic, basic

Question 45

what are the charges of acidic amino acid

Answer 45

negative

Question 46

what is the charge of a basic amino acid

Answer 46

positive

Question 47

which type of amino acid is hydrophobic

Answer 47

non polar

Question 48

what two groups is a peptide bond between

Answer 48

amino group of one acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid

Question 49

what is the primary structure

Answer 49

sequence of amino acids

Question 50

what is the secondary structure

Answer 50

coils and folds, H bonds in polypeptide backbone

Question 51

what are two types of secondary structure

Answer 51

alpha helix = coils beta helix = pleated sheet

Question 52

what is tertiary structure

Answer 52

overall shape, interactions between side chains

Question 53

what are two interactions between side chains

Answer 53

hydrophobic, disulphide bridge

Question 54

What is quaternary structure

Answer 54

overall protein structure, 2+ polypeptide chains, aggregation of polypeptide subunits

Question 55

what is denaturation

Answer 55

when proteins lose shape and therefore their ability to function

Question 56

what causes denaturation

Answer 56

high temperatures (or pH changes), destroys weak chemical bonds in protein

Question 57

what are two types of nucleic acids

Answer 57

RNA and DNA

Question 58

what are nucleic acids

Answer 58

polymers of nucleotides

Question 59

what are the components of a nucleotide

Answer 59

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 60

what are the components of a nucleoside

Answer 60

nitrogenous base, and 5 carbon sugar

Question 61

what are the two types of bases

Answer 61

purine and pyrimidine

Question 62

how many rings do purines have, what bases are they

Answer 62

2 rings, A and G

Question 63

how many rings do pyrimidines have, what bases are they

Answer 63

1 ring, T and C (U)

Question 64

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 64

deoxyribose has 1 more OH group

Question 65

what joins nucleotides

Answer 65

phosphodiester linkage

Question 66

what joins nitrogenous bases

Answer 66

hydrogen bonds

Question 67

what is the 5' end

Answer 67

phosphate end

Question 68

what is the 3' end

Answer 68

OH end