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Biol 186 > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

how does energy flow in/out of a sytem

A

in as energy from the sun, out as heat

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2
Q

what is fermentation

A

the partial degradation of sugars, anaerobic

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3
Q

what is the most efficient form of respiration

A

aerobic

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4
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

oxygen consumed with organic fuel

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5
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic processes

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6
Q

how is energy released

A

relocation of electrons

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7
Q

what are redox reactions

A

loss of elections (oxidation) and gain of electrons (reduction)

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8
Q

what is respiration

A

oxidation of glucose

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9
Q

how do electrons travel in respiration

A

travel with H+, H+ then passed onto electron carrier NAD+

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10
Q

what is electron transport chain

A

a series of redox reactions, glucose —> NADH —> ETC —> O2

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11
Q

what are the three steps of respiration

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle

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12
Q

what is glycolysis

A

breaking down of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecule

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13
Q

does glycolysis need oxygen

A

not its an anaerobic process

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14
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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15
Q

what is produced in glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 H2O, 2 Pyruvate

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16
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation and where does it occur, and what process is it

A

conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coa, in the mitochondria, aerobic

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17
Q

what are the three steps of pyruvate oxidation

A

decarboxylation, oxidation, coa attachment

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18
Q

what happens in decarboxylation

A

carboxyl group removed (already oxidized) –> COO-, released as Co2

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19
Q

what happens in oxidation

A

C2 unit is oxidized —> CH3COO- formed, electrons transferred to NAD+ to form NADH + H+

20
Q

what happens in coA attachment

A

CH3COO- + coa —> acetyl coa

21
Q

what does 1 pyruvate produce

A

1 Co2, 1 H+, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl coa

22
Q

what does the citric acid cycle do

A

generate 1 atp/turn via substrate level phosphorylation

23
Q

what does the citric acid cycle produce

A

2 Co2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

24
Q

what is the first step in the cac

A

coA removed, join oxalate to form citrate

25
what is the second step in the cac
isomerization, citrate ---> isocitrate +/- H2O
26
what is the third and 4th steps in the cac
redox and decarboxylation, oxidation occurs converting NAD+ ---> nADH + H+, CO2 released, coa added in the fourth step
27
what is the 5th step in the cac
coa replaced with phosphate and transferred to GDP ---> GTP which is used to generate ATP
28
what happens in the 6th step
redox, oxidation 2 H+ transferred to FAD ---> FADH2,
29
what happens in the seventh step
h2o rearranges bonds
30
what happens in the last step
redox, NAD+ ---> NADH, oxalate formed via susbtrate being oxidized
31
around how many ATP does 1 glucose generate
32
32
what is the electron transport chain
collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondira
33
what does folding in the ETC do
increase surface area
34
how are proteins organized in the ETC
into multiprotein complexes (I-IV)
35
what occurs in the etc
a series of redox reactions that pass down electron and H+
36
what is ATP synthase
enzyme that makes ATP from ADP + P
37
how does ATP synthase work
it used the energy of the H+ gradient to power synthesis
38
what is chemiosmosis
process energy of H+ gradient is used to drive cellular work (flow of H+ across gradient)
39
how do protons move to catalyze ATP
bind on sites on rotor, spinning it in a way that catalyzes ATP
40
what are the steps of etc
H+ flows down gradient into channel, H+ binds to sites on rotor changing its shape and causing it to spin, H+ makes 1 complete turn efore leaving and passing through 2nd channel, spinning of rotor spins rod, rod activates catalytic sites to produce ATP
41
how do chloroplasts use chemiosmosis
generate ATP during photosyntheiss
42
what is the efficiency of the ETC
34%, rest lost as heat
43
does fermentation use the ETC and what is its final electron acceptor
no, it needs NAD+, the final acceptor is SO42-
44
what are the two types of fermentation
alchohol and lactic acid
45
what is alcohol fermentation
pyruvate ---> ethanol, releases CO2
46
what is lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate ---> lactate, releases Co2
47
where is the ETC located
inner membrane of mitochondria

Biol 186 (7 decks)

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