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THE CELL Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

CELL THEORY

A
  1. BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ORGANISMS.
  2. ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR MORE CELL
  3. ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS
  4. ALL CELLS HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES
  5. ALL CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ARE CARRIED OUT INSIDE THE CELL
  6. CELLS CONTAIN HERDITARY INFO PASSED ON FROM CELL TO CELL
  7. CELL ACTIVITY DEPENDS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF SUB-CELLULAR STRUCTURES
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2
Q

UNICELLULAR

A

MADE OF 1 CELL

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3
Q

MULTICELLULAR

A

MADE OF MORE THAN 1 CELL

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4
Q

PROKARYOTE

A

NO NUCLEUS, NON-MEMBRANE BOUND, HAS A PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE, HAS DNA, AND HAS RIBOSOMES

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5
Q

EUKARYOTE

A

IT HAS A NUCLEUS, IS MEMBRANE BOUND, HAS A PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE, HAS DNA, AND HAS RIBOSOMES

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6
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

A

SEMI-PERMEABLE AND MADE UP OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

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7
Q

CYTOPLASM

A

THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CELL; CONTAINS ALL INTERNAL ORGANELLES AND FLUID MEDIUM THEY ARE SUSPENDED IN

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8
Q

NUCLEUS

A

CENTRAL STORAGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

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9
Q

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

A

ENCLOSURE FOR THE NUCLEUS THAT SERVES AS ADDITIONAL PROTECTION

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10
Q

NUCLEOPLASM

A

ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE NUCLEUS

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11
Q

NUCLEOLUS

A

AN AREA WITHIN THE NUCLEOPLASM WHERE GENETIC MATERIALS ARE CONCENTRATED

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12
Q

NUCLEAR PORE

A

CHANNELS MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE NUCLEUS

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13
Q

MITOCHONDRION

A

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL; PRODUCES ENERGY FOR USE

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14
Q

LYSOSOME

A

SITE FOR INTERNAL DIGESTION

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15
Q

ER

A

SITE OF LIPID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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16
Q

GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUS

A

SITE FOR MODIFICATION, SORTING, AND STORING OF PROTEINS

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17
Q

RIBOSOME

A

NECESSARY ORGANELLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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18
Q

VACUOLE

A

STORAGE SITE FOR FOOD AND OTHER CHEMICALS

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19
Q

CENTRIOLE

A

ACCESSORY ORGANELLE FOR CELL DIVISION

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20
Q

CELL WALL

A

RIGID MEMBRANE FOR ADDITIONAL SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE

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21
Q

PLASTIDS

A

SPECIALIZED ORGANELLES THAT PERFORM SPECIFIC SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

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22
Q

CHLOROPLASTS

A

RESPONSIBLE FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS; USUALLY CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL

23
Q

CHROMOPLASTS

A

ENHANCES REPRODUCTION AND PROPAGATION OF PLANTS

24
Q

AMYLOPLASTS

A

STORAGE OF STARCH AND SUGAR; USUALLY COLORLESS

25
Q

FLAGELLUM

A

TAIL-LIKE STRUCTURE USED FOR PROPULSION

26
Q

CILIA

A

HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURE USED FOR MOTION

27
Q

PILI

A

HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURE USED FOR DIRECTING MATERIALS TO A SPECIFIC LOCATION; USED IN BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

28
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A MEMBRANE, REQUIRES ATP, OPPOSES TEH GRADIENT

29
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A

NATURAL MOVEMENT, FOLLOWS THE GRADIENT, DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY

30
Q

DIFFUSION

A

MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION AREAS

31
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE THAT IS CARRIED BY ANOTHER SOLUTE/CARRIER PROTEINS

32
Q

OSMOSIS

A

MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM LOW TO HIGH CONCE4NTRATION AREAS

33
Q

ISOTONIC

A

EQUAL CONCENTRATION

34
Q

HYPOTONIC

A

LOWER CONCENTRATION; BURSTING OF CELLS

35
Q

HYPERTONIC

A

HIGHER CONCENTRATION; SHRINKING OF CELLS

36
Q

CELL DIVISION

A

METHOD OF WHICH A CELL REPRODUCES BY DIVIDING, ALSO KNOWN AS CYTOKINESIS OR CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION

37
Q

PROPHASE

A

DNA STRANDS ARE DUPLICATED AND CONDENSED INTO CHROMOSOMES; THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISSOLVES; ORGANELLS ARE ALSO DUPLICATED

38
Q

METAPHASE

A

SISTER CHROMATIDS LINE UP IN THE MIDDLE AND ATTACH TO SPINDLE POLES

39
Q

ANAPHASE

A

SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH TO CENTROMERES AND CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED APRT TO EACH SIDE; CHROMATIDS ARE NOW INDEPENDENT CHROMOSOMES

40
Q

TELOPHASE

A

CHROMOSOMES DE-CONDENSE; NUCLEAR ENVELOPE FORMS AROUND THE CHROMOSOMES; CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION OCCURS AND THE 2 SETS OF CHROMOSOMES DIVIDE INTO 2 SEPARATE CELLS

41
Q

MITOSIS

A

EQUATIONAL DIVISION; CELL DUPLICATES ITS CONTENTS ONCE AND DIVIDES ONCE CREATING CELLS WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE MOTHER CELL ()DIPLOID

42
Q

MEIOSIS

A

REDUCTIONAL DIVISION; DUPLICATES ITS CONTENTS ONCE BUT DIVIDES TWICE CREATING CELLS WITH ONLY HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES (HAPLOID)

43
Q

REPLICATION

A

PROCESS WHERE DNA IS COPIED FOR DUPLICATION (PROPHASE)

44
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

A

PROCESS WHERE RNA IS PRODUCED FROM DNA

45
Q

mRNA (MESSENGER RNA)

A

PRODUCT OF DNA TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE NUCLEUS TO ANOTHER SITE FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION; CONTAINS THE CODE OF THE DNA

46
Q

tRNA (TRANSPORT RNA)

A

MOLECULE CONTAINING THE CORRESPONDING AMINO ACID DICTATED BY THE mRNA CODE

47
Q

rRNA (RIBOSOMAL RNA)

A

RNA CONTAINING PART OF THE RIBOSOME WHERE AMINO ACIDS/PROTEINS ARE ASSEMBLED

48
Q

TRANSLATION

A

PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING A PROTEIN/POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN FROM AN AMINO ACID/PEPTIDE COMPONENTS

49
Q

CODON

A

A TRIPLET OF NUCLEOBASES USED AS A CODE TO REPRESENT CORRESPONDING AMINO ACIDS

50
Q

START CODON

A

CODON WHERE TRANSLATION BEGINS; REPRESENTED BY THE CODON AUG

51
Q

END CODON

A

CODON WHERE TRANSLATIONS END; REPRESENTED BY UAA, UAG, UGA

52
Q

INITIATION

A

A SMALL RIBOSOMAL UNIT ATTACHES TO THE INITIATOR tRNA THAT IS USED TO LOCATE THE BEGINNING SITE BEFORE ATTACHING TO A LARGE RIBOSOMAL UNIT

53
Q

ELONGATION

A

tRNA DELIVERS AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOME ACCORDING TO THE CODON AND A PEPTIDE BOND IS FORMED BETWEEN THE NEW AMINO ACID AMD THE PREVIOUSLY ATTACHED UNIT BEFORE LEAVING BEHIND THE AMINO ACID WITH THE NEWLY FORMED LINK

54
Q

TERMINATION

A

THE STOP CODON INITIATES A REACTION THAT DETACHES THE AMINO ACID; THE FINAL PRODUCT IS A CHAIN OF PEPTIDES

SCIENCE (14 decks)

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