THE CELL Flashcards
CELL THEORY
- BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ORGANISMS.
- ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR MORE CELL
- ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS
- ALL CELLS HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES
- ALL CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ARE CARRIED OUT INSIDE THE CELL
- CELLS CONTAIN HERDITARY INFO PASSED ON FROM CELL TO CELL
- CELL ACTIVITY DEPENDS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF SUB-CELLULAR STRUCTURES
UNICELLULAR
MADE OF 1 CELL
MULTICELLULAR
MADE OF MORE THAN 1 CELL
PROKARYOTE
NO NUCLEUS, NON-MEMBRANE BOUND, HAS A PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE, HAS DNA, AND HAS RIBOSOMES
EUKARYOTE
IT HAS A NUCLEUS, IS MEMBRANE BOUND, HAS A PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE, HAS DNA, AND HAS RIBOSOMES
CELL MEMBRANE
SEMI-PERMEABLE AND MADE UP OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
CYTOPLASM
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CELL; CONTAINS ALL INTERNAL ORGANELLES AND FLUID MEDIUM THEY ARE SUSPENDED IN
NUCLEUS
CENTRAL STORAGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
ENCLOSURE FOR THE NUCLEUS THAT SERVES AS ADDITIONAL PROTECTION
NUCLEOPLASM
ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
AN AREA WITHIN THE NUCLEOPLASM WHERE GENETIC MATERIALS ARE CONCENTRATED
NUCLEAR PORE
CHANNELS MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE NUCLEUS
MITOCHONDRION
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL; PRODUCES ENERGY FOR USE
LYSOSOME
SITE FOR INTERNAL DIGESTION
ER
SITE OF LIPID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUS
SITE FOR MODIFICATION, SORTING, AND STORING OF PROTEINS
RIBOSOME
NECESSARY ORGANELLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
VACUOLE
STORAGE SITE FOR FOOD AND OTHER CHEMICALS
CENTRIOLE
ACCESSORY ORGANELLE FOR CELL DIVISION
CELL WALL
RIGID MEMBRANE FOR ADDITIONAL SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE
PLASTIDS
SPECIALIZED ORGANELLES THAT PERFORM SPECIFIC SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
CHLOROPLASTS
RESPONSIBLE FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS; USUALLY CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL
CHROMOPLASTS
ENHANCES REPRODUCTION AND PROPAGATION OF PLANTS
AMYLOPLASTS
STORAGE OF STARCH AND SUGAR; USUALLY COLORLESS
FLAGELLUM
TAIL-LIKE STRUCTURE USED FOR PROPULSION
CILIA
HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURE USED FOR MOTION
PILI
HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURE USED FOR DIRECTING MATERIALS TO A SPECIFIC LOCATION; USED IN BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A MEMBRANE, REQUIRES ATP, OPPOSES TEH GRADIENT
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
NATURAL MOVEMENT, FOLLOWS THE GRADIENT, DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
DIFFUSION
MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION AREAS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE THAT IS CARRIED BY ANOTHER SOLUTE/CARRIER PROTEINS
OSMOSIS
MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM LOW TO HIGH CONCE4NTRATION AREAS
ISOTONIC
EQUAL CONCENTRATION
HYPOTONIC
LOWER CONCENTRATION; BURSTING OF CELLS
HYPERTONIC
HIGHER CONCENTRATION; SHRINKING OF CELLS
CELL DIVISION
METHOD OF WHICH A CELL REPRODUCES BY DIVIDING, ALSO KNOWN AS CYTOKINESIS OR CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION
PROPHASE
DNA STRANDS ARE DUPLICATED AND CONDENSED INTO CHROMOSOMES; THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISSOLVES; ORGANELLS ARE ALSO DUPLICATED
METAPHASE
SISTER CHROMATIDS LINE UP IN THE MIDDLE AND ATTACH TO SPINDLE POLES
ANAPHASE
SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH TO CENTROMERES AND CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED APRT TO EACH SIDE; CHROMATIDS ARE NOW INDEPENDENT CHROMOSOMES
TELOPHASE
CHROMOSOMES DE-CONDENSE; NUCLEAR ENVELOPE FORMS AROUND THE CHROMOSOMES; CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION OCCURS AND THE 2 SETS OF CHROMOSOMES DIVIDE INTO 2 SEPARATE CELLS
MITOSIS
EQUATIONAL DIVISION; CELL DUPLICATES ITS CONTENTS ONCE AND DIVIDES ONCE CREATING CELLS WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE MOTHER CELL ()DIPLOID
MEIOSIS
REDUCTIONAL DIVISION; DUPLICATES ITS CONTENTS ONCE BUT DIVIDES TWICE CREATING CELLS WITH ONLY HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES (HAPLOID)
REPLICATION
PROCESS WHERE DNA IS COPIED FOR DUPLICATION (PROPHASE)
TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS WHERE RNA IS PRODUCED FROM DNA
mRNA (MESSENGER RNA)
PRODUCT OF DNA TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE NUCLEUS TO ANOTHER SITE FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION; CONTAINS THE CODE OF THE DNA
tRNA (TRANSPORT RNA)
MOLECULE CONTAINING THE CORRESPONDING AMINO ACID DICTATED BY THE mRNA CODE
rRNA (RIBOSOMAL RNA)
RNA CONTAINING PART OF THE RIBOSOME WHERE AMINO ACIDS/PROTEINS ARE ASSEMBLED
TRANSLATION
PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING A PROTEIN/POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN FROM AN AMINO ACID/PEPTIDE COMPONENTS
CODON
A TRIPLET OF NUCLEOBASES USED AS A CODE TO REPRESENT CORRESPONDING AMINO ACIDS
START CODON
CODON WHERE TRANSLATION BEGINS; REPRESENTED BY THE CODON AUG
END CODON
CODON WHERE TRANSLATIONS END; REPRESENTED BY UAA, UAG, UGA
INITIATION
A SMALL RIBOSOMAL UNIT ATTACHES TO THE INITIATOR tRNA THAT IS USED TO LOCATE THE BEGINNING SITE BEFORE ATTACHING TO A LARGE RIBOSOMAL UNIT
ELONGATION
tRNA DELIVERS AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOME ACCORDING TO THE CODON AND A PEPTIDE BOND IS FORMED BETWEEN THE NEW AMINO ACID AMD THE PREVIOUSLY ATTACHED UNIT BEFORE LEAVING BEHIND THE AMINO ACID WITH THE NEWLY FORMED LINK
TERMINATION
THE STOP CODON INITIATES A REACTION THAT DETACHES THE AMINO ACID; THE FINAL PRODUCT IS A CHAIN OF PEPTIDES
