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GEOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

GEOLOGY

A

EARTH’S STRUCTURE, HISTORY, AND PROCESSES INVOLVED

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2
Q

CRUST

A

OUTERMOST LAYER

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3
Q

MANTLE

A

MIDDLE LAYER, MADE MOSTLY OF MOLTEN ROCK

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4
Q

CORE

A

INNER LAYER, MADE OF IRON AND NICKEL

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5
Q

TECTONIC PLATES

A

RIGID PIECES OF THE EARTH’S CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE

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6
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

A

THEORY DESCRIBING THE LARGE-SCALE MOTIONS OF THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE

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7
Q

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

A

THEORIZES THAT THE EARTH HAD A SINGLE CONTINENT

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8
Q

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

A

PLATES MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER

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9
Q

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

A

PLATES MOVE TOWARDS EACH OTHER

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10
Q

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY

A

PLATES MOVE ALONG/SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER

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11
Q

EARTHQUAKE

A

SHAKING OF THE GROUND CAUSED BY TENSION OF PLATES

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12
Q

FOCUS

A

POINT BENEATH EARTH’S SURFACE WHERE ROCKS BREAK UNDER STRESS

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13
Q

EPICENTER

A

CENTER OF THE QUAKE ABOVE THE FOCUS

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14
Q

BODY WAVES

A

ENERGY WAVES THAT TRAVEL UNDERGROUND

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15
Q

PRIMARY WAVES

A

COMPRESSIONAL, FAST, AND TRAVELS THROUGH ALL MEDIUMS

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16
Q

SECONDARY WAVES

A

SHEAR, SLOWER THAN PRIMARY WAVES, AND TRAVELS THROUGH SOLID ROCK

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17
Q

SURFACE WAVES

A

ENERGY WAVES THAT TRAVEL ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

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18
Q

RAYLEIGH WAVE

A

DISSIPATES AS IT TRAVELS FARTHER FROM THE CENTER

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19
Q

LOVE WAVE

A

SIDEWAY MOVEMENT THAT OCCUR WHEN THE GROUND IS MADE OF MULTIPLE LAYERS

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20
Q

TSUNAMI

A

SERIES OF ENORMOUS WAVES IN THE OCEAN OR LARGE WAVES

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21
Q

RICHTER SCALE

A

NUMERICAL SCALE EXPRESSING THE MAGNITUDE OF AN EARTHQUAKE

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22
Q

MERCALLI SCALE

A

USES THE OBSERVATIONS OF PEOPLE AND IS LESS SCIENTIFIC THAN THE RICHTER SCALE

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23
Q

VOLCANO

A

OPENING OR RUPTURE IN THE EARTH’S SURFACE

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24
Q

CINDER CONE VOLCANO

A

BUILT FROM PARTICLES AND LAVA EJECTED FROM A SINGLE VENT

25
Q

STRATOVOLCANO

A

STEEP-SIDED, SYMMETRICAL, BUILT OF ALTERNATING LAYERS OF LAVA, LOOKS LIKE PERFECT CONES, AND HAS A SLOWER LAVA FLOW

26
Q

SHIELD VOLCANO

A

BUILT FROM FLUID LAVA FLOWS AND HAS FASTER LAVA FLOWS

27
Q

IGNEOUS ROCKS

A

FORMED WHEN MAGMA OR LAVA SOLIDIFIES

28
Q

INTRUSIVE ROCKS

A

CRYSTALLIZES BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND COOLS SLOWLY FORMING CRYSTALS

29
Q

EXTRUSIVE ROCKS

A

ERUPT ONTO THE SURFACE AND COOLS QUICKLY FORMING GLASS

30
Q

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

A

FROM ROCK RESIDUES THAT ACCUMULATE OVER TIME AND HARDEN

31
Q

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

A

ROCKS THAT UNDERGO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES DUE TO INTENSE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

32
Q

MINERALS

A

NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC SOLIDS

33
Q

HARDNESS

A

ABILITY OF THE MINERAL TO RESIST BEING SCRATCHED; 1 IS THE SOFTEST AND 10 IS THE HARDEST

34
Q

COLOR

A

MOST OBVIOUS PROPERTY BUT THE LEAST DIAGNOSTIC

35
Q

STREAK

A

COLOR OF A MINERAL IN ITS POWDERED FORM; SHOWS THE TRUE COLOR OF THE MINERAL

36
Q

DENSITY

A

REFERS TO THE MINERAL’S COMPOSITION AND PATTERN IN WHICH THE MINERAL’S ATOMS ARE ARRANGED

37
Q

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE

A

MINERALS OCCUR IN SHAPES DETERMINED BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR IONS

38
Q

CLEAVAGE

A

TENDENCY OF A MINERAL TO BREAK ALONG A PLANE

39
Q

LUSTER

A

THE WAY A MINERAL REFLECTS THE LIGHT

40
Q

SOIL

A

FINE FRAGMENTS BROUGHT ABOUT BY WEATHERING THAT MAKE UP THE GROUND

41
Q

EROSION

A

TERM USED TO REFER TO THE TRANSFER OF GROUND MATERIALS TO ANOTHER LOCATION; CAN BE CAUSED BY NATURAL OR MAN-MADE EVENTS

42
Q

ANGLE OF REPOSE

A

STEEPEST SLOPE OF UNCONFINED MATERIAL ON WHICH THE MATERIAL CAN BE HEAPED WITHOUT COLLAPSING

43
Q

HYDROSPHERE

A

97% OF ALL WATER ON EARTH IS OCEANIC WATER

44
Q

OCEANIC WATER

A

COVERS 70% OF EARTHS SURFACE

45
Q

GROUND WATER

A

SEEPS UNDERGROUND THROUGH PERMEABLE ROCKS AND ACCUMULATES DIFFERENTLY

46
Q

ZONE OF SATURATION

A

REGION WHERE WATER IS ALWAYS PRESENT

47
Q

WATER TABLE

A

REGION ABOVE THE ZONE OF SATURATION WHERE WATER LEVEL CHANGES BASED ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

48
Q

UNSATURATED ZONE

A

REGION ABOVE WATER TABLE WHERE WATER ONLY PASSES THROUGH BUT DOES NOT ACCUMULATE

49
Q

EVAPORATION

A

HEAT FROM THE SUN EVAPORATES WATER FROM OCEANS, LAKES, MOIST SOIL, LEAVES, AND BODIES OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS

50
Q

CONDENSATION

A

WATER MOLECULES LIQUIFY AND CLING TO DUST PARTICLES IN THE HIGH AIR TO FORM CLOUDS

51
Q

PRECIPITATION

A

MOISTURE IN THE AIR BECOMES TOO HEAVY AND FALLS BACK ON EARTH; IT CAN BE IN THE FORM OF RAIN, HAIL, OR SNOW

52
Q

ATMOSPHERE

A

MADE OF LAYERS OF GASSES ENVELOPING THE EARTH; COMPOSED OF NITROGEN (78%), OXYGEN (21%), AND ETC.

53
Q

TROPOSPHERE

A

LAYER WHERE WEATHER CONDITIONS OCCUR

54
Q

STRATOSPHERE

A

LAYER WHERE THE OZONE LAYER IS FOUND

55
Q

MESOSPHERE

A

LAYER WITH LOW TEMPERATURES AND STRONG WINDS; CAN SLOW DOWN METEORS

56
Q

THERMOSPHERE

A

VERY HOT LAYER DUE TO THE SUN’S RADIATION; GASES ARE NOT UNIFORMLY MIXED

57
Q

EXOSPHERE

A

THIN OUTER LAYER MADE OF GASES

58
Q

IONOSPHERE

A

LAYER WHERE IONIZED PARTICLES EXIST; EXIST WITHIN THE THERMOSPHERE AND EXOSPHERE

SCIENCE (14 decks)

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