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Biology 141; Anatomy and Physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

building reactions

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

break down reactions

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

surrounds each cell, isolating internal structures from external structures

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4
Q

What does cytoplasm consist of?

A

Cytosol, organelles, and cystoskeleton

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Amphiphilic; one part interacts with water and one part repels water

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6
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

span the ENTIRE membrane; also called transmembrane proteins

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8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

found only on one side of the membrane

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9
Q

Channel proteins

A

transmembrane that allows certain substances to cross in and out of the cell

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10
Q

Carrier proteins

A

integral proteins that bind, change shape, and directly transport substances in or out of the cell

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11
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Binds to chemical messengers and triggers a sequence of events within a cell

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12
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions
Structure: gives cell shape when bound to cytoskeleton
Links adjacent cells to one another to allow cell to cell communication

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13
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid; stabilizes plasma membrane’s fluid structure during temp changes

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14
Q

Glycolipids/Glycoproteins

A

carbohydrate bound to either lipid or proteins; identify cell as part of body (cell recognition)

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15
Q

Agonist

A

MIMICS ligand’s actions; eg. morphine will mimic the actions of endorphins

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

INHIBIT ligand’s actions; Eg. antihistamine will block receptors of histamine

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Does not require expenditure of energy

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18
Q

Concentration gradient

A

drives many types of passive transport; will move molecules throughout until equilibrium

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

non-polar solutes pass through phospholipid bilayer without a membrane protein

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

polar solutes cross the phospholipid bilayer with help of either a carrier or channel protein

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

passive process where a solvent (usually water) will move across a membrane

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23
Q

Aquaporins

A

primary route for osmosis of water; channel protein

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24
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Causes water molecules to move until equilibrium is reached

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25
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

force water exerts on the walls of its container

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26
Q

3 reasons that osmosis differs from diffusion

A
  1. Osmosis requires a membrane while diffusion does not
  2. Osmosis is reversible wile diffusion is not
  3. Solute movement can be predicted in diffusion, while in osmosis solvents movement cannot
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27
Q

Tonicity

A

way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between two solutions

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28
Q

Hypertonic

A

solute concentration is higher outside the cell, more water outside the cell, water will be pulled out of the cell

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29
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solute concentration is lower than inside the cell, more water outside the cell, water will be pulled into the cell

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30
Q

Crenation

A

Cell shrinkage

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31
Q

Lysis

A

Cell swells and possibly ruptures

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32
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy (ATP) to move solutes against the concentration gradients

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33
Q

Three types of pumps in plasma membrane

A

Uniport: Single substance transport in one direction
Symport: Two or more substances transport in same direction
Antiport: Two or more substances transport in opposite directions

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34
Q

Primary active transport

A

Sodium-potassium pump; maintains steep concentration gradients

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35
Q

Secondary active transport

A

uses ATP to maintain a concentration gradient of one substance; moving a substance down a gradient provides energy to move another against a gradient

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36
Q

Vesicles

A

Small sacs filled with large molecules too big to transport by other means

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37
Q

Endocytosis and its basic types

A

fluid, molecules taken into the cell; two basic types are phagocytosis and pinocytosis

38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cells ingest large particles like bacteria or dead/damaged parts of a cell

39
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cells engulf fluid droplets

40
Q

Exocytosis

A

large molecules will exit the cell (secretion)

41
Q

Transcytosis

A

molecules brought into a cell, transported across the cell, and then secreted

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power plant” of the cell; provides a majority of ATP; its membrane is a double bilayer, smooth on the outside and highly folded on the inside (cristae)

43
Q

Peroxisomes

A

membrane bound, use oxygen to oxidize molecules; breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules and removes toxins like alcohol in liver and kidneys

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis; nonmembrane bound organelle

45
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

large folded bilayer continuous with nuclear envelope; RER contains ribosomes and SER does not

46
Q

RER

A

Packages proteins into transport vesicles and sends to Golgi

47
Q

SER

A

has no role in protein synthesis; stores calcium and detoxifies reactions

48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

between the RER and plasma membrane; proteins made from ER are packaged for export in Golgi, either secreted or sent to lysosomes

49
Q

Lysosomes

A

responsible for digestion of worn out cell components (trash man)

50
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

gives cell its shape and size; allows for cell movement

51
Q

Actin filaments

A

thinnest filament, provides structure and involved in cell motion

52
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

form framework of the cell, anchors organelles in place

53
Q

Microtubules

A

largest filaments; maintains internal architecture of cell, keeps organelles in alignment

54
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like extension of plasma membrane with actin filament core (help maintain shape)

55
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections that move in unison to propel substances past cells

56
Q

Flagella

A

Solitary (longer than cilia) found only on sperm cells to move the entire cell (like a flipper)

57
Q

Nucleus

A

houses the DNA in a cell for nearly every protein in the body

58
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

membrane that surrounds nucleoplasm

59
Q

Chromatin

A

one long DNA molecule

60
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled threaded and condensed chromatin

61
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical copies of each chromosome made in preparation of cell division

62
Q

Centromere

A

Connects sister chromatids

63
Q

Gene

A

long chain of nucleotides; determines amino acid sequence

64
Q

Anticodon

A

one one end of tRNA, complementary sequence to codon of mRNA

65
Q

Codon

A

sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

66
Q

Initiation (Transcription)

A

beginning of transcription; DNA unwinds with help of helicase enzyme

67
Q

Elongation (Transcription)

A

RNA covalently bonds to complementary nucleotides

68
Q

Termination (Transcription)

A

when last triplet of gene is reaches and pre-mRNA is ready for modification

69
Q

A site

A

binds to incoming tRNA

70
Q

P site

A

amino acid is removed from tRNA and added to peptide chain;

71
Q

E site

A

empty tRNA will exit the ribosome and is free to pick up another amino acid

72
Q

Initiation (Translation)

A

tRNA binds to mRNA start codon at P site

73
Q

Elongation (Translation)

A

next tRNA binds to to open A site and allows amino acids to be linked by peptide bond

74
Q

Termination (Translation)

A

end of translation, when ribosome reaches stop codon, peptide is released

75
Q

Interphase

A

3 sub-phases:
1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase

76
Q

G1 phase

A

cell performs normal metabolic activities and prepares for the next phase

77
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis occurs before proceeding to next phase

78
Q

G2 phase

A

cellular growth, proteins for cell division are produced and centrioles are duplicated

79
Q

Helicase

A

separates DNA strands

80
Q

Primase

A

builds RNA primer on DNA strands

81
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds nucleotides to RNA primer; proceeds in opposite direction as helicase separates the strands

82
Q

M phase

A

cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)

83
Q

Interphase

A

Nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, centriole pairs duplicate

84
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin becomes compact; each individual chromosome has 2 chromatids, nucleolus disintegrates and mitotic spindle forms

85
Q

Metaphase

A

Longest phase; spindle fibers from opposite poles pull sister chromatids into the equator of the cell

86
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pull towards opposite poles; individual chromosomes are now called daughter chromosomes

87
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage; daughter cell separates, nuclear envelope is reformed and chromosomes will uncoil back to chromatin

88
Q

Cytokinesis

A

divides cytosol and organelles between two new daughter cells

89
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

90
Q

Benign

A

tumor is confined to original location

91
Q

Malignant

A

tumor and cells metastasize (spread) and may grow extremely large

Biology 141; Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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