Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What is the smallest unit that can carry out functions of life?
Cells
List the levels of structural organization in the body from smallest to largest.
Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Name all 11 body systems
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Lymphatic, Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Urinary, Reproductive
List all major parts of the integumentary system
Hair, skin, and nails
List all major parts of the Skeletal system
Bones, joints, and cartilage
List all major parts of the muscular system
skeletal muscles
List all major parts of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
List all major parts of the endocrine system
Pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary glands, thyroid glands, ovaries, testes, hypothalamus
List all major parts of the cardiovascular system
Blood vessels and heart
List all major parts of the lymphatic system
Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
List all major parts of the respiratory system
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
List all major parts of the digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large and small intestine
List all major parts of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
List all major parts of the reproductive system
prostate gland, testes, penis (for males)
mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina (for females)
“Front” in humans
Anterior (ventral)
“Back” in humans
Posterior (dorsal)
“Toward the head”
Superior (cranial)
“Towards the tail”
Inferior (caudal)
“closer to the point of origin”
Proximal
further away from same point of origin
Distal
closer to midline
Medial
Further away from midline
Lateral
Closer to the surface of the body
Superficial
Further away from the surface of the body
Deep
Know all regions of the body
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into a left and right section
frontal plane (coronal)
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Define: Cavity
Any fluid filled space within the body
Posterior body cavity is subdivided into:
Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Anterior body cavity is separated into:
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity is divided into:
Pleural, pericardial, and mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity is separated into:
Abdominal and pelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity)
What are the nine segments the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into?
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
What organs are located in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?
Appendix, ovary, part of large intestine, and part of small intestine
What organs are in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
Stomach, spleen, pancreas, and parts of the large intestine
Visceral layers
in contact with the underlying organ
Parietal layer
outermost layer attached to surrounding structures
Serous fluid
extremely thin layer of fluid in-between two membrane layers
Three serous body cavities
Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal
Negative feedback loops
opposes the initial change in a regulated variable
Positive feedback loop
increases activity and reinforces the initial stimulus
Is child birth a negative or positive feedback loop? Why?
Positive feedback; oxytocin will be produced to stimulate uterine contractions (effector increases and reinforced initial stimulus)
