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biology 141; anatomy and physiology > Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the smallest unit that can carry out functions of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

List the levels of structural organization in the body from smallest to largest.

A

Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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3
Q

Name all 11 body systems

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Lymphatic, Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Urinary, Reproductive

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4
Q

List all major parts of the integumentary system

A

Hair, skin, and nails

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5
Q

List all major parts of the Skeletal system

A

Bones, joints, and cartilage

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6
Q

List all major parts of the muscular system

A

skeletal muscles

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7
Q

List all major parts of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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8
Q

List all major parts of the endocrine system

A

Pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary glands, thyroid glands, ovaries, testes, hypothalamus

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9
Q

List all major parts of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels and heart

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10
Q

List all major parts of the lymphatic system

A

Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

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11
Q

List all major parts of the respiratory system

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs

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12
Q

List all major parts of the digestive system

A

Mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large and small intestine

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13
Q

List all major parts of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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14
Q

List all major parts of the reproductive system

A

prostate gland, testes, penis (for males)
mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina (for females)

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15
Q

“Front” in humans

A

Anterior (ventral)

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16
Q

“Back” in humans

A

Posterior (dorsal)

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17
Q

“Toward the head”

A

Superior (cranial)

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18
Q

“Towards the tail”

A

Inferior (caudal)

19
Q

“closer to the point of origin”

A

Proximal

20
Q

further away from same point of origin

A

Distal

21
Q

closer to midline

A

Medial

22
Q

Further away from midline

A

Lateral

23
Q

Closer to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

24
Q

Further away from the surface of the body

A

Deep

25
Q

Know all regions of the body

A
26
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into a left and right section

27
Q

frontal plane (coronal)

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

28
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections

29
Q

Define: Cavity

A

Any fluid filled space within the body

30
Q

Posterior body cavity is subdivided into:

A

Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

31
Q

Anterior body cavity is separated into:

A

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

32
Q

Thoracic cavity is divided into:

A

Pleural, pericardial, and mediastinum

33
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity is separated into:

A

Abdominal and pelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity)

34
Q

What are the nine segments the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into?

A

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

35
Q

What organs are located in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

A

Appendix, ovary, part of large intestine, and part of small intestine

36
Q

What organs are in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

A

Stomach, spleen, pancreas, and parts of the large intestine

37
Q

Visceral layers

A

in contact with the underlying organ

38
Q

Parietal layer

A

outermost layer attached to surrounding structures

39
Q

Serous fluid

A

extremely thin layer of fluid in-between two membrane layers

40
Q

Three serous body cavities

A

Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal

41
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

opposes the initial change in a regulated variable

42
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

increases activity and reinforces the initial stimulus

43
Q

Is child birth a negative or positive feedback loop? Why?

A

Positive feedback; oxytocin will be produced to stimulate uterine contractions (effector increases and reinforced initial stimulus)

biology 141; anatomy and physiology (3 decks)

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