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Biology 141; Anatomy and Physiology > Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus; defines every element

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2
Q

What is the mass number?

A

It is the sum of all protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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4
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

Unstable isotopes where high energy is released by radioactive decay

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5
Q

What is a suspension and give an example

A

It is a mixture containing two or more components; eg. Blood

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6
Q

What is a colloid and give an example

A

It is a mixture with two or more components that will not settle out if left undisturbed. Eg. Milk

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7
Q

What is a solution and give an example

A

A solution is two or more components evenly distributed that will not settle out. Eg. Sugar water

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8
Q

How many electrons can the valence shell hold?

A

8 electrons

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9
Q

How many electrons can the innermost shell hold?

A

2 electrons

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10
Q

Ionic bond

A

electrons transferred from metal to nonmetal

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11
Q

Covalent bond

A

two or more nonmetals share electrons; strongest bond

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12
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

similar or identical electronegativities; share electrons equally

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13
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

nonmetals with different electronegativities; share electrons unequally

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14
Q

Dipoles

A

Polar molecules with partially positive and partially negative ends

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15
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak attractions between the partially positive end of one dipole and the partially negative end of another

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16
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

requires an input of energy; products will have more energy than the reactants

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17
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

releases excess energy; products will have less energy than reactants

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18
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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19
Q

Reduction

A

gains electrons

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20
Q

Activation energy

A

energy that is required for all chemical reactions

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21
Q

Catalyst

A

increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy

22
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts that are highly specific for individual substrates

23
Q

Monomer

A

single subunits, combined to build larger structures (polymers)

24
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

links molecules together; makes a molecule of water in the process

25
Q

Hydrolysis

A

uses water to break polymers into smaller subunits

26
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

27
Q

Disaccharides

A

formed by two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

28
Q

Monomer of lipids

A

Fatty acids

29
Q

Saturated fat

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms; “saturated” with max number of hydrogen atoms

30
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A

generally liquid at room temperature; contains one double bond between two carbons

31
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

liquid at room temperature; contains two or more double bonds between carbons

32
Q

Monomer of proteins

A

Amino acids

33
Q

Two basic types of proteins

A

Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

34
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

mostly nonpolar amino acids; adds strength to structures

35
Q

Globular proteins

A

mostly polar amino acids; functions as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messengers

36
Q

List the four levels of protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

37
Q

Primary structure

A

amino acid sequence of polypeptides

38
Q

Secondary structure

A

one or more segments of primary structure folded and held together by hydrogen bonds

39
Q

Alpha helix

A

coiled spring

40
Q

Beta-pleated sheet

A

venetian blind

41
Q

Tertiary structure

A

three-dimensional shape of peptide chain; stabilized by hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Quaternary structure

A

links together more than one polypeptide chain in a specific way; critical to the function of protein

43
Q

Denaturation

A

destroying the protein’s shape by heat, pH changes, or chemicals

44
Q

Monomer of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

45
Q

Purines

A

double ringed molecules; (A) adenine and (G) guanine

46
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single ringed molecule; (C) cytosine, (U) uracil, (T) thymine

47
Q

RNA transcription

A

copies recipe for a specific protein

48
Q

RNA translation

A

RNA exits the nucleus to protein synthesis location

49
Q

List DNA complementary base pairs

A

A always pairs with T
C always pairs with G

50
Q

List RNA complementary base pairs

A

A always pairs with U
C always pairs with G

51
Q

What type of reaction is ATP synthesis?

A

Endergonic; negative charge on phosphate group

52
Q

What type of reaction is hydrolysis of ATP?

A

Exergonic; ADP is far more stable than ATP

Biology 141; Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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