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Biology MCAT > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the fundamental tenets of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. Cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information (DNA)
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2
Q

what is the cytosol’s function?

A

allow diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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3
Q

where is genetic material located and how is it organized?

A

nucleus, chromosomes

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4
Q

what surrounds the nucleus?

A

the nuclear membrane/envelope

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5
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores?

A

allow selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and nucleus

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6
Q

DNA coding regions are called…

A

genes!

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7
Q

organizing proteins around the DNA are called

A

histones

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8
Q

DNA linear strands are called…

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the ______

A

nucleolus

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10
Q

the mitochondrion contains two layers: outer and inner membrane. the OUTER membrane does what?

A

serve as a barrier between cytosol and inner environment of the mitochondrion

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11
Q

the inner membrane contains infoldings known as ______

A

cristae

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12
Q

cristae contains the molecules necessary for ______, since its structure increases surface area available for _______ enzymes.

A

electron transport chain

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13
Q

the space between the outer and inner membrane is called…

A

intermembrane space

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14
Q

the space inside the inner membrane is called:

A

mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

the mitochondria is an example of _____ because it is semi-autonomous.

A

extranuclear inheritance

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16
Q

mitochondrias replicate independently of the nucleus via:

A

binary fission

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17
Q

programmed cell death by releasing enzymes from the electron transport chain

A

apoptosis

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18
Q

organelle that breaks down different substances

A

lysosome

19
Q

organelle that transports, packages, and sorts cell material travelling to and from the membrane

A

endosomes

20
Q

release of enzymes that may result in apoptosis of the cell

A

autolysis

21
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is located within the nuclear envelope and it is a series of interconnected membranes that fold into many invaginations. 2 types found are:

A

smooth (SER) and rough (RER)

22
Q

what is the function of the RER?

A

translation of proteins destined for secretion into its lumen using ribosomes

23
Q

what is the function of the SER?

A

lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons, transport proteins from RER to the golgi apparatus

24
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

modify cellular products, sort them, and direct them to their destination

25
Q

In the Golgi apparatus, if the packaged vesicle is destined for secretion, how is it released?

A

via exocytosis

26
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes?

A

break down very long fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation

27
Q

peroxisomes also participate in the synthesis of phospholipids and contain _______ involved in the ________-_________ pathway

A

enzymes, pentose-phosphate

28
Q

what do peroxisomes contain?

A

hydrogen peroxide

29
Q

true/false: not all cells have the same relative distribution. form follows function

A

true! for example, sperm cells require more locomotion therefore have more mitochondria.

30
Q

what is the cytoskeleton of the cell?

A

it’s what gives the cell its shape and structure. it is a bridge for the transport of materials around the cell.

31
Q

the 3 components of the cytoskeleton are:

A

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

32
Q

microfilaments are made up of polymerized rods of ______. these are organized into bundles and networks and are resistant to both compression and fracture, providing protection.

A

actin

33
Q

microtubules are hollow polymers of _____ proteins. they radiate through the cell, providing primary pathways in which kinesin and dynein carry vesicles

A

tubulin

34
Q

eukaryotic organelles of motility have a specific structure called:

A

9 + 2 structure. it consists of 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 central microtubules.

35
Q

centrioles are located in the ______. they are the organizing centers for microtubules.

A

centrosome.

36
Q

diverse group of filamentous proteins, including keratin, desmin, vimentin and lamins. Involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton. Help anchor other organelles and can withstand tremendous tension. Depends on the cell and tissue type.

A

intermediate filaments

37
Q

_______ tissue covers the body and line its cavities, providing protection against pathogens and desiccation. ______ cells are tightly joined to each other and to an underlying layer of connective tissue known as the basement membrane

A

epithelial

38
Q

in most organs, ______ cells constitute the parenchyma, or the functional parts of the organ

A

epithelial

39
Q

epithelial cells are often polarized. this means that:

A

one side faces a lumen (hollow part of an organ or tube) or the outside world while the other part interacts with blood vessels and structural cells

40
Q

how many layers of cells the following epithelia has?

  1. simple epithelia
  2. stratified epithelia
  3. pseudostratified epithelia
A
  1. one
  2. multiple layers
  3. may appear like multiple layers due to different cell height but in reality, one
41
Q

describe the following epithelial cell shapes:

  1. cuboidal
  2. columnar
  3. squamous
A
  1. cube-like
  2. long and thin
  3. flat and scalelike
42
Q

______ ______ are the main contributors to the stroma or support structure

A

connective tissues

43
Q

supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions

A

connective tissue

44
Q

define the extracellular matrix

A

formed by collagen and elastin, which are material secreted by cells in connective tissues

Biology MCAT (4 decks)

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