The Cardiovascular System and Pericardium Flashcards
Name the major arteries in the head and neck upper limbs trunk lower limbs and pelvis
Common carotid
Subclavian
Aorta
Common iliac
Name the major veins in the head and neck upper limbs trunk lower limbs and pelvis
Internal jugular (no carotid)
Subclavian
Inferior vena cava
Common iliac
Surface anatomy of the heart in relation the the intercostal spaces and costal cartilages
1, 2nd intercostal space, 1cm away from sternum
2, 5th intercostal space inside midclavicular line
3, 5-6th costal cartilage
4, 3rd costal cartilage, 1cm away from sternum
Where is the base and the apex of the heart
Base, location of all the great vessels
Apex, pointy part, points to the L
Layers of the pericardium and the heart
Fibrous pericardium (attaches to diaphragm, blends with adventitia) Parietal serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity (50ml of fluid here)
Visceral serous pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium (bulk of cardiac muscle found here)
Endocardium
What layer of the pericardium wraps around the great vessels
Visceral serous pericardium is continuous with parietal serous pericardium and wraps around great vessels
Location of the sinuses in the pericardium
Transverse sinus behind the aorta and pulmonary artery and anterior to the superior vena cava
Blindended oblique sinus lies behind the left atrium and in between left and right pulmonary veins
Passageways formed as a result of the folding of the pericardium
What vessels and nerves surround and supply the pericardium?
L, R pericardiacophrenic vessels
L and R phrenic nerves
What clinical problems can arise with the pericardium
Cardiac tamponade, fluid fills pericardium and compressed heart
Pain of heart referred to shoulder C3-5
Haemopericardium, blood enters cavity
Why is cardiac tamponade serious
Fibrous pericardium cannot expand
Fluid compresses heart, cannot fill with enough blood
Smaller cardiac output
Why is the pericardium very fibrous and tough
Prevent any infections from the lungs spreading to the heart
Describe the basic heart structure (cardiac skeleton)
How does contraction relate to the skeleton
What happens when the heart contracts
4 rings of dense connective tissue. surrounds AV canals and aorta, pulmonary trunk
Atria contract towards skeleton downwards
Ventricules contract towards skeleton upwards
Ventricle muscles attach to skeleton and twist in contraction
Describe what you can see from the anterior view of the heart
RA, RV (largest visible part)
LA, LV also seen but smaller
Describe what you can see from the posterior view of the heart
Crux of the heart between all 4 chambers
Where is epicardial fat found and where is it generally restricted to?
What is found here?
Inside visceral pericardium
Fat generally restricted to AV and intraventricular grooves
- Blood vessels (coronary arteries, cardiac veins)
- Nerves
- Lymph
Grooves divide chambers
