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Anatomy of Systems > Movements of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Movements of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What sorts of movement is the vertebral column capable of?

A

Flexion
Rotation
Lateral flexion
Extension

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2
Q

What is the total range of movement possible?

A

250
140 extension
110 flexion

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3
Q

What is the greatest angle of extension possible by the thoracic spine

A

40

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4
Q

What is the greatest angle of flexion possible by the thoracic spine

A

45

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5
Q

What is the total angle of lateral flexion possible

A

75

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6
Q

What is the greatest angle of lateral flexion possible in the lumbar spine

A

20

Tiny movements between each vertebra result in a large flexion

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7
Q

What is the greatest angle of lateral flexion possible in the thoracic spine

A

20

Tiny movements between each vertebra result in a large flexion

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8
Q

What is the greatest angle of lateral flexion possible in the cervical spine

A

35

Tiny movements between each vertebra result in a large flexion

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9
Q

Degrees of rotation between sacrum and lumbar

A

5

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10
Q

Degrees of rotation between lumbar and thoracic

A

35

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11
Q

Degrees of rotation between thoracic and cervical

A

50

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12
Q

Degrees of rotation between cervical and skull

A

90-95

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13
Q

How does the vertebral column dictate movement

A

Articular joints and laminae shape and orientation dictates direction and range of possible movements

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14
Q

What kinds of joints are present in the vertebral column

A

Synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes
Covered by synovial membrane and joint capsules

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15
Q

Function and structure of invertebrate discs

A

Allows for weight bearing, gliding, rocking movements for flexion and extension without injury during movement

Layer of strong but deformable tissue

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the invertebrate disc

A

Surrounded by anterior and posterior ligament
Intervertebral disc sandwiched inbetween cartilage end plate and epiphyseal ring

Nucleus pulpous surrounded by the annulus fibrosus

Symphysis, 2ndary cartilage, nutrients diffuse through cartilage

17
Q

Structure of annulus fibrosus and function

A

Orientation of fibres are different in each layer

Act as shock absorbers to dissipate forces by increasing time taken to deform

18
Q

Different grades of damage to disc

A

Grade 1, age 15-40, white, no problem
Grade 2, age 35-70, fibrous brown nucleus, just what happens in ageing

Degeneration
Grade 3, anulus bulges into nucleus, end plate damage
Grade 4, disruption to both end plates, reduced disc height and v pigmented

19
Q

Describe the function and structure of the nucleus pulposus

A

Toothpaste consistency, 70% water
Cartilage and collagen T1
Fluid nature of pulp allows for deformation but volume can’t be compressed
When weight applied, reduction in height, exerts pressure on anulus

20
Q

Describe the function and structure of the annulus fibrosus

A 
Highly ordered lamellae (10-20), 
Collagen T1
Thick anterior, tightly packet posterior
Attic structure => strength and resists deformation from NP and load from vertebral body
Fibrocartilage
21
Q

Describe the function and structure of the vertebral end plate

A

Hyaline cartilage, surround NP
Permeable barrier between NP and bone, water, nutrient diffusion
Prevent NP bulging into vertebral body

22
Q

Describe the structure of the anterior longitudinal ligament (collagen T1)

A

Attached to occipital bone, down to upper sacrum, anterior surface of vertebrae
Longitudinal fibres fixed to IVD and margins of the vertebral body

Several fibre layers, deepest go from vertebra to vertebra
superficial extend over several

23
Q

Describe the structure of the posterior longitudinal ligament (collagen T1)

A

Inside vertebral canal on posterior surface
Attaches from axis to sacrum on IVD and margins of vertebral body

Deepest fibres span single vertebra
Superficial layers span several vertebra

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of the ligament flavum (v elastic)

A

Connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae from articular capsules to place where lamina joins spine with only a small gap between ligaments of each side
Permits separation of lamina during flexion but ensures that limits are not reached too quickly
Protects discs from injury

25
Q

Describe how the ALL and PLL function during flexion and extension

A

Flexion,
ALL slack
PLL taut

Extension
ALL taut
PLL slack

26
Q

Describe the location of the ALL, PLL LF, interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament on a sagittal section of the vertebrae

A

ALL anterior to vertebral column
PLL posterior to vertebral column
LF between lamina

Interspinous ligament between spines
Supraspinous ligament joins the posterior most surface of the spines

27
Q

What is the function of the ligaments in general

A

LF, IL, SSL limit flexion, protection from injury

28
Q

What trunk muscles are used in flexion and rotation

A

EO
IO
TA

29
Q

What trunk muscles are used in extension

A

Latissimus dorsi
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum

30
Q

Muscles in transverso spinalis and their properties

A

Rotatores
Multifidus
Semispinalis

Many proprioceptive fibres
Muscles surrounded by thoracolumbar fascia

31
Q

Muscles in erector spinae and their function

A

Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

Postural muscles
Muscles surrounded by thoracolumbar fascia

32
Q

Stabilising muscles in back

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus posterior

33
Q

Superficial and deep layer of posterior trunk muscles

A

Trapezius, accessory
Latissimus dorsi, thoracodorsal
Rhomboid major and minor, dorsal scapula
Levator scapulae, dorsal scapula

34
Q

Function of thoracolumbar fascia

A

Encases erector spinae and transverso spinalis and quadratus lumborum
When these muscles contract, increase tension of fascia and stabilises whole region

35
Q

Immediate and deep layer of posterior trunk muscles

A

Serrated posterior superior and inferior

Erector spinae made up of
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

Long fibres that attach to skull and cervical spine

36
Q

Muscles found between the vertebrae

A

Intertransversarius found between transverse spine
Rotatores found between the transverse spine and lamina
Multifidus found between transverse spine and spinous process
Interspinalis found between the spines

37
Q

Lateral trunk muscles

A

Quadratus lumborum attach to diaphragm attach to diaphragm and iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae L1-5
Psoas major attached to lumbar vertebrae L1-5 and lesser trochanter, results in lateral bending

38
Q

Anterior and lateral abdominal wall muscles

A

EO attaches to iliac crest, pubic tubercle R5-12
IO attaches to iliac crest, pubic tubercle R8-12, thoracolumbar fascia
TA attaches to iliac crest, inguinal ligament R7-12, thoracolumbar fascia
RA attaches to xiphoid, pubic tubercle, R5-7

Anatomy of Systems (11 decks)

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