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A&P 146 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

name the layers of the heart from inside to outside

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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2
Q

thin smooth layer of the heart resembling squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the chambers

A

endocardium

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3
Q

muscle of heart, the thickest layer

A

myocardium

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4
Q

which side of the heart is the thickest?

A

left

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5
Q

thin, outermost layer of heart wall (same as visceral pericardium)

A

epicardium

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6
Q

which nervous system is the cardiac muscle tissue part of?

A

autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

divides the ventricles

A

intraventricular septum

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8
Q

what are the types of vessels from arteries to veins?

A

arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

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9
Q

tiny arteries

A

arterioles

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10
Q

where veins and arteries meet; where oxygen is exchanged

A

capillaries

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11
Q

tiny veins

A

venules

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12
Q

carry blood away from the heart; are under more pressure

A

arteries

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13
Q

carry blood toward the heart

A

veins

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14
Q

explain the pulmonary circuit

A

right side; pumps blood low in oxygen into the lungs

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15
Q

explain the systemic circuit

A

left side; pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body

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16
Q

anchors the cuspid valves to the papillary muscle

A

cordae tendinae

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17
Q

also called “heart strings”

A

cordae tendinae

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18
Q

what color is blood?

A

red/maroon

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19
Q

explain the flow of blood through the body

A

superier & inferior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) - right ventricle - pulmonary/semilunar valve - pulmonary arteries - lung(blood is high is O2) - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid/mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve) - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta

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20
Q

what cavity is the heart in?

A

thoracic cavity

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21
Q

what’s unique about the blood supply to the myocardium?

A

it has it’s own blood supply from the coronary arteries

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22
Q

contracting phase of the heart

A

systole

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23
Q

resting phase of the heart

A

diastole

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24
Q

when the heart pumps

when the chambers are filling

A

systole

diastole

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25
Q

explain the conduction system of the heart

A

SA(sinoatrial) node - AV(atrioventricular) node - bundle of HIS(atrioventricular buncle) - left and right bundle branches - purkinje fibers - heart beats

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26
Q

what does the P stand for in a wavelength on an EKG?

A

depolarization of atrium

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27
Q

what does QRS stand for in a wavelength on an EKG?

A

depolarization of ventricles

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28
Q

what does the T stand for in a wavelength on an EKG?

A

re-polarization of ventricles

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29
Q

abnormally low heart rate (less than 60)

A

brachycardia

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30
Q

abnormally high heart rate (more than 100 beats/min)

A

tachycardia

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31
Q

irregular variation in heart rate

A

sinus arrhythmia

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32
Q

heart beat occurs too early; unexpected

A

premature beat

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33
Q

where is the cardiovascular system controlled in the brain?

A

vasomotor in medulla oblongata

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34
Q

what are the 3 different types of heart studies?

A

EKG
ECG
Stethoscope

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35
Q

2 things that detect blood pressure changes

Where are each found?

A

baroreceptors & carotid sinuses

Aorta & carotid artery

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36
Q

what are the 2 effects of the cardiac center?

A

cardioinhibitor reflex

cardioaccelerator reflex

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37
Q

slow down/relax heart rate or blood pressure

A

cardioinhibitor reflex

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38
Q

speeds up heart rate or blood pressure

A

cardioaccelerator reflex

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39
Q

what are the 3 effects of the vasomotor center?

A

increase(vasorestriction)
decrease(vasodialation)
peripheral resistance

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40
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood?

A

transportation
regulation
protection

41
Q

what does the blood transport?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones

42
Q

what does the blood regulate?

A

pH, fluid balance, body temperature

43
Q

what does the blood protect against?

A

foreign organisms, blood loss

44
Q

makes up 60% of plasma protein

A

albumin

45
Q

liquid portion of blood made of 90% of water, proteins, vitamins, hormones, waste products, and other materials

A

plasma

46
Q

what are the 3 formed elements?

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

47
Q

production of bloods cells; takes place in the red marrow in spongy bone

A

hemopoises/hematopoisis

48
Q

red blood cells; responsible for transporting oxygen

A

erythrocytes

49
Q

what is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

50
Q

protein that transports oxygen in RBC’s; contains iron

A

hemoglobin

51
Q

oxygenated blood; bright red

A

oxyhemoglobin

52
Q

non-oxygenated blood; dark red/purple

A

de-oxyhemoglobin

53
Q

hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

54
Q

a decrease in oxygen will do what to erythropoietin, RBC, and O2 carrying capacity?

A

increase erythropoietin
increase RBC count
increase O2 carrying capacity

55
Q

an increase in oxygen will do what to erythropoietin, RBC?

A

decrease erythropoietin

decrease RBC

56
Q

white blood cells that protect against infection

A

leukocytes

57
Q

what is the average lifespan of a leukocyte?

A

hours, days, weeks, or months

58
Q

what is the function of a leukocyte?

A

destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

59
Q

where are leukocytes developed?

A

red marrow

60
Q

what are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

61
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
esinophils
basophils

62
Q

which granulocyte is the most numerous WBC and are active in fighting infections?

which granulocyte increases in number during an allergic reaction?

A

neutrophils

esinophils & basophils

63
Q

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

which is the 2nd most numerous WBC and are active in immunity?

A

monocytes
lymphocytes

lymphocytes

64
Q

what are 2 types of lymphocytes?

which produces antibodies?

A

T-cells
B-cells

B-cells

65
Q

show visible granules in cytoplasm when stained

A

granulocytes

66
Q

secrete heparin(blood thinner) and histamine(increases inflamation)

A

basophils

67
Q

clotting of blood

A

coagulation

68
Q

lack visible granules

A

agranulocytes

69
Q

largest agranulocyte in size; function as phagocytes (“cellular eating”)

A

monocytes

70
Q

what is another name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

71
Q

what is the lifespan of platelets?

A

10 days

72
Q

blood clotting factors

A

platelets

73
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

74
Q

Normal heart rate

A

75 beats per minute

75
Q

Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac Output

76
Q

Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

A

Stroke volume

77
Q

helps clot blood; stops bleeding

A

pro-coagulant

78
Q

helps thin blood out; promotes bleeding

A

anticoagulant

79
Q

any thickening or coagulation; build up of thickened blood

A

thrombus

80
Q

traveling clot that has broken off

A

embolus

81
Q

clot that blocks a pathway

A

embolism

82
Q

genetically engineered blood clotting factor that is very beneficial to individuals with hemophilia

A

Factor VIII

83
Q

sex-linked trait carried on the “x” chromosome; more common in males

A

hemophilia

84
Q

universal recipient of blood

A

AB

85
Q

universal donor

A

O(-)

86
Q

proteins on the surface of red blood cells that cause incompatibility

A

antigens
-or-
agglutinogens

87
Q

also know as D antigen

A

Rh factor

88
Q

the volume percentage of red cells in whole blood

A

hematocrit

89
Q

list the 3 tunics of blood vessel walls

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

90
Q

which vessels have a thick tunica media?

A

arteries

91
Q

which vessels have a thick tunica externa?

A

veins

92
Q

vessel that experiences the widest variation in pressure

A

aorta

93
Q

List the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular filling
Ventricular systole
Isovolumetric relaxation

94
Q

A plasma protein that plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism

A

Fibrinogen

95
Q

The circulation of all blood to all organ systems of the body

A

Systemic circulation

96
Q

When the heart does not develop properly and heart disease is present at birth

A

Congenital heart disease

97
Q

A painful inflammation of the pericardium caused by viral or bacterial infection

A

Pericarditis

98
Q

All blood cells may develop from undifferentiated stem cells called ________.

A

Hemocytoblasts

99
Q

Platelets or thrombocytes are produced from large cells called _________ that break apart.

A

Megakaryocytes

A&P 146 (4 decks)

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