The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

name the layers of the heart from inside to outside

Answer 1

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

Question 2

thin smooth layer of the heart resembling squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the chambers

Answer 2

endocardium

Question 3

muscle of heart, the thickest layer

Answer 3

myocardium

Question 4

which side of the heart is the thickest?

Answer 4

left

Question 5

thin, outermost layer of heart wall (same as visceral pericardium)

Answer 5

epicardium

Question 6

which nervous system is the cardiac muscle tissue part of?

Answer 6

autonomic nervous system

Question 7

divides the ventricles

Answer 7

intraventricular septum

Question 8

what are the types of vessels from arteries to veins?

Answer 8

arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

Question 9

tiny arteries

Answer 9

arterioles

Question 10

where veins and arteries meet; where oxygen is exchanged

Answer 10

capillaries

Question 11

tiny veins

Answer 11

venules

Question 12

carry blood away from the heart; are under more pressure

Answer 12

arteries

Question 13

carry blood toward the heart

Answer 13

veins

Question 14

explain the pulmonary circuit

Answer 14

right side; pumps blood low in oxygen into the lungs

Question 15

explain the systemic circuit

Answer 15

left side; pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body

Question 16

anchors the cuspid valves to the papillary muscle

Answer 16

cordae tendinae

Question 17

also called “heart strings”

Answer 17

cordae tendinae

Question 18

what color is blood?

Answer 18

red/maroon

Question 19

explain the flow of blood through the body

Answer 19

superier & inferior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) - right ventricle - pulmonary/semilunar valve - pulmonary arteries - lung(blood is high is O2) - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid/mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve) - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta

Question 20

what cavity is the heart in?

Answer 20

thoracic cavity

Question 21

what’s unique about the blood supply to the myocardium?

Answer 21

it has it’s own blood supply from the coronary arteries

Question 22

contracting phase of the heart

Answer 22

systole

Question 23

resting phase of the heart

Answer 23

diastole

Question 24

when the heart pumps

when the chambers are filling

Answer 24

systole

diastole

Question 25

explain the conduction system of the heart

Answer 25

SA(sinoatrial) node - AV(atrioventricular) node - bundle of HIS(atrioventricular buncle) - left and right bundle branches - purkinje fibers - *heart beats*

Question 26

what does the P stand for in a wavelength on an EKG?

Answer 26

depolarization of atrium

Question 27

what does QRS stand for in a wavelength on an EKG?

Answer 27

depolarization of ventricles

Question 28

what does the T stand for in a wavelength on an EKG?

Answer 28

re-polarization of ventricles

Question 29

abnormally low heart rate (less than 60)

Answer 29

brachycardia

Question 30

abnormally high heart rate (more than 100 beats/min)

Answer 30

tachycardia

Question 31

irregular variation in heart rate

Answer 31

sinus arrhythmia

Question 32

heart beat occurs too early; unexpected

Answer 32

premature beat

Question 33

where is the cardiovascular system controlled in the brain?

Answer 33

vasomotor in medulla oblongata

Question 34

what are the 3 different types of heart studies?

Answer 34

EKG ECG Stethoscope

Question 35

2 things that detect blood pressure changes Where are each found?

Answer 35

baroreceptors & carotid sinuses Aorta & carotid artery

Question 36

what are the 2 effects of the cardiac center?

Answer 36

cardioinhibitor reflex | cardioaccelerator reflex

Question 37

slow down/relax heart rate or blood pressure

Answer 37

cardioinhibitor reflex

Question 38

speeds up heart rate or blood pressure

Answer 38

cardioaccelerator reflex

Question 39

what are the 3 effects of the vasomotor center?

Answer 39

increase(vasorestriction) decrease(vasodialation) peripheral resistance

Question 40

what are the 3 functions of blood?

Answer 40

transportation regulation protection

Question 41

what does the blood transport?

Answer 41

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones

Question 42

what does the blood regulate?

Answer 42

pH, fluid balance, body temperature

Question 43

what does the blood protect against?

Answer 43

foreign organisms, blood loss

Question 44

makes up 60% of plasma protein

Answer 44

albumin

Question 45

liquid portion of blood made of 90% of water, proteins, vitamins, hormones, waste products, and other materials

Answer 45

plasma

Question 46

what are the 3 formed elements?

Answer 46

erythrocytes leukocytes platelets

Question 47

production of bloods cells; takes place in the red marrow in spongy bone

Answer 47

hemopoises/hematopoisis

Question 48

red blood cells; responsible for transporting oxygen

Answer 48

erythrocytes

Question 49

what is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

Answer 49

120 days

Question 50

protein that transports oxygen in RBC's; contains iron

Answer 50

hemoglobin

Question 51

oxygenated blood; bright red

Answer 51

oxyhemoglobin

Question 52

non-oxygenated blood; dark red/purple

Answer 52

de-oxyhemoglobin

Question 53

hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

Answer 53

erythropoietin

Question 54

a decrease in oxygen will do what to erythropoietin, RBC, and O2 carrying capacity?

Answer 54

increase erythropoietin increase RBC count increase O2 carrying capacity

Question 55

an increase in oxygen will do what to erythropoietin, RBC?

Answer 55

decrease erythropoietin | decrease RBC

Question 56

white blood cells that protect against infection

Answer 56

leukocytes

Question 57

what is the average lifespan of a leukocyte?

Answer 57

hours, days, weeks, or months

Question 58

what is the function of a leukocyte?

Answer 58

destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 59

where are leukocytes developed?

Answer 59

red marrow

Question 60

what are the 2 types of leukocytes?

Answer 60

granulocytes | agranulocytes

Question 61

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 61

neutrophils esinophils basophils

Question 62

which granulocyte is the most numerous WBC and are active in fighting infections? which granulocyte increases in number during an allergic reaction?

Answer 62

neutrophils esinophils & basophils

Question 63

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes? which is the 2nd most numerous WBC and are active in immunity?

Answer 63

monocytes lymphocytes lymphocytes

Question 64

what are 2 types of lymphocytes? which produces antibodies?

Answer 64

T-cells B-cells B-cells

Question 65

show visible granules in cytoplasm when stained

Answer 65

granulocytes

Question 66

secrete heparin(blood thinner) and histamine(increases inflamation)

Answer 66

basophils

Question 67

clotting of blood

Answer 67

coagulation

Question 68

lack visible granules

Answer 68

agranulocytes

Question 69

largest agranulocyte in size; function as phagocytes ("cellular eating")

Answer 69

monocytes

Question 70

what is another name for platelets?

Answer 70

thrombocytes

Question 71

what is the lifespan of platelets?

Answer 71

10 days

Question 72

blood clotting factors

Answer 72

platelets

Question 73

stoppage of bleeding

Answer 73

hemostasis

Question 74

Normal heart rate

Answer 74

75 beats per minute

Question 75

Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

Answer 75

Cardiac Output

Question 76

Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

Answer 76

Stroke volume

Question 77

helps clot blood; stops bleeding

Answer 77

pro-coagulant

Question 78

helps thin blood out; promotes bleeding

Answer 78

anticoagulant

Question 79

any thickening or coagulation; build up of thickened blood

Answer 79

thrombus

Question 80

traveling clot that has broken off

Answer 80

embolus

Question 81

clot that blocks a pathway

Answer 81

embolism

Question 82

genetically engineered blood clotting factor that is very beneficial to individuals with hemophilia

Answer 82

Factor VIII

Question 83

sex-linked trait carried on the "x" chromosome; more common in males

Answer 83

hemophilia

Question 84

universal recipient of blood

Answer 84

AB

Question 85

universal donor

Answer 85

O(-)

Question 86

proteins on the surface of red blood cells that cause incompatibility

Answer 86

antigens -or- agglutinogens

Question 87

also know as D antigen

Answer 87

Rh factor

Question 88

the volume percentage of red cells in whole blood

Answer 88

hematocrit

Question 89

list the 3 tunics of blood vessel walls

Answer 89

tunica intima tunica media tunica externa

Question 90

which vessels have a thick tunica media?

Answer 90

arteries

Question 91

which vessels have a thick tunica externa?

Answer 91

veins

Question 92

vessel that experiences the widest variation in pressure

Answer 92

aorta

Question 93

List the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

Answer 93

Ventricular filling Ventricular systole Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 94

A plasma protein that plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism

Answer 94

Fibrinogen

Question 95

The circulation of all blood to all organ systems of the body

Answer 95

Systemic circulation

Question 96

When the heart does not develop properly and heart disease is present at birth

Answer 96

Congenital heart disease

Question 97

A painful inflammation of the pericardium caused by viral or bacterial infection

Answer 97

Pericarditis

Question 98

All blood cells may develop from undifferentiated stem cells called ________.

Answer 98

Hemocytoblasts

Question 99

Platelets or thrombocytes are produced from large cells called _________ that break apart.

Answer 99

Megakaryocytes