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Kinesiology > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood, which has just returned from the body

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2
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood, which has just returned from the lungs

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3
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A
  • pericardium
  • pericardial cavity
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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4
Q

What is the pericardium

A

tough, protective, loose sac; allows heart to expand and contract in the chest wall

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5
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

reduces friction, contains pericardial fluid

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6
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

lines outside of heart muscles; produces fluid

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7
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

the heart muscle

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8
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

lines inside of heart; helps maintain smooth blood flow

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9
Q

What are the accessories? explain each

A

chordae tendineae - strands of strong specialized tissue

papillary muscles - special muscular extensions

interventricular septum - separates the two ventricles

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10
Q

What is tachycardia

A

a condition where the heart beats faster than normal (typically over 100bpm at rest); can be temporary and harmless or a sign of an underlying heart issue

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11
Q

What is bradycardia

A

a condition where the heart beats slower than normal (typically below 60bpm at rest); it can be normal for athletes and healthy individuals during sleep but it could also be an underlying issue

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12
Q

What is fibrillation

A

a serious heart condition where the heart beats irregularly and chaotically, preventing it from pumping blood efficiently; occurs when the heart’s electrical signals become disorganized

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13
Q

What are the different chambers of the heart and describe what happens in each

A

Right atrium –> blood returning from the body
right ventricle –> blood enters from the right atrium & heads to the lungs
Left atrium –> blood returns from the lungs
Left ventricle –> blood leaves here to be circulated around the body

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14
Q

Describe the electrical excitation of the heart

A
  1. self-excitatory - cardiac muscle has pacemaker cells that generate electrical impulses (it can beat on its own - 100bpm at rest)
  2. involuntary control - cardiac muscle contracts automatically but are also under the control of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic & parasympathetic NS)
  3. striated & branched structure - like skeletal muscle, it has a striped appearance and the cells are branched which helps them contract
  4. high mitochondrial content - cardiac muscle has many mitochondria, allowing it to produce constant energy to keep the heart beating without fatigue
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15
Q

What’s the sinoatrial node? describe what happens

A
  • the “pacemaker”, the contraction of the heart is set by the SA node
  • modulated by the Autonomic Nervous system
  • the electrical signal travels through both atria via the INTERNODAL PATHWAYS/BACHMANN’S BUNDLE causing the atria to contract from the top down, forcing blood into the ventricles
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16
Q

What’s the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A
  • electrical signal passes to the AV node which transmits the signal to the ventricles via the BUNDLE OF HIS
  • the bundle of his splits into two and passes the signal to the PURKINJE FIBRES
  • purkinje fibres pass the signal on to the myocardium
  • contraction is bottom up, forcing blood out of the heart
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17
Q

What are arteries

A

vessels with thick yet elastic muscular walls, which carry blood away from the heart
~ carry oxygenated blood from the heart, except PULMONARY ARTERY (carries deoxygenated)
~ blood pressure is measured using the arterial system

18
Q

What are arterioles

A

smaller and lined with smooth muscles that can control blood flow
~ nerves will interact with arterioles to increase/decrease blood flow when needed (vasodilation)

19
Q

What are capillaries

A

smallest vessels within the body but have the most important function
~ so small; red blood cells can barely fit through
~ walls are very thin (one cell thick)
~ all body tissue have extensive capillary pathways
~ SITE OF GAS AND NUTRIENT EXCHANGE WITHIN THE TISSUES; uses conc. gradient for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

20
Q

what are venules

A

small vessels that lead to the veins

21
Q

what are veins

A
  • become larger as they move away from capillaries
  • contain smooth muscles which allow them to dilate and contract to help blood return to the Heart
  • carry deoxygenated blood, except PULMONARY VEIN (carries oxygenated)
  • contain one-way valves to ensure blood can fight gravity and return to the heart
22
Q

Describe the return of blood from the veins

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump –> upon contraction of skeletal muscle, blood is pushed/massaged back to the heart
  2. thoracic pump –> pressure in veins (in the chest) decrease while pressure in veins (in the abdominal cavity) increase upon intake of breath
  3. Nervous system:
    ~ sends a signal to veins; veins slightly constrict allowing more blood back to the heart
23
Q

how much blood is in the human body

A

4-6 litres

24
Q

What are the components of blood

A

55% plasma - fluid component of blood (mostly water)

45% formed elements
~ 99% red blood cells (erythrocytes)
~ 1% white blood cells (leukocytes)
~ 1% platelets - regulate blood clotting (thrombocytes)

25
What are the coronary arteries?
supply blood to the heart muscles through the two main arteries ~ branch off from just above where the Aorta leaves the heart
26
What are the coronary veins?
after the blood leaves the capillaries of the heart, they lead to the Coronary sinus that drains into the right atrium
27
What is cardiovascular disease (CVD) and how do you prevent it?
a broad term for conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels; the leading cause of death worldwide & includes various disorders that impact circulation, heart function, and blood flow (ex. hypertension, heart attack, stroke, arrhythmias) prevention: ~ eat a healthy diet, exercise at least 150 mins per week ~ maintain healthy BP & cholesterol ~ quit smoking & limit alcohol intake ~ stress management; learn CPR & recognize heart attack/stroke symptoms
28
What is heart attack (myocardial infarction)?
cause: a blocked artery prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching a part of the heart muscle effect: heart tissue starts to die due to lack of oxygen; heart is still beating, but at risk of damage and death risk factors: smoking, blood lipids, hypertension, family history, physical inactivity (can lead to cardiac arrest)
29
What is cardiac arrest?
cause: a sudden electrical malfunction causes the heart to stop beating properly effect: the heart stops pumping, leading to no blood flow to the brain or organs (heart stops beating, and person dies without immediate help or loses consciousness) risk factors: age, smoking, physical inactivity, drug + alcohol abuse, diabetes, electrolyte imbalance, family history, previous heart attacks
30
Whats the cardiac cycle and what are the two phases?
cardiac cycle --> series of events occurring through one heartbeat two phases: - Systole (Contraction Phase) - Diastole (Relaxation Phase)
31
Whats the Systole (contraction phase)?
- the ventricles contract, forcing blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries - the atria are relaxed, filling with blood for the next cycle - the systolic blood pressure is the higher number in a blood pressure reading ~ aortic & pulmonary valves --> OPEN (blood ejected) ~ mitral & tricuspid valves--> CLOSED (prevents backflow)
32
Whats the diastole (Relaxation phase)?
- the ventricles relax, allowing blood from the atria to fill them - the atria contracts, pushing blood into the ventricles - the diastolic blood pressure is the lower number in a BP reading ~ bicuspid & tricuspid valves --> OPEN (blood flows into ventricles) ~ aortic & pulmonary valves --> CLOSED (prevents backflow)
33
What is blood pressure? Describe normal BP, hypertension, and hypotension and what factors affect it.
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries normal BP - 120mmHg/80mmHg hypertension - BP greater than 140 mmHg/90mmHg hypotension - BP less than 90 mmHg/60 mmHg factors affecting BP: diet, habits (smoking, caffeine, alcohol), aerobic exercise, stress & emotions
34
What is cardiac output (Q)? what 2 factors impact it
cardiac output - the blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute ~ measured in litres per minutes (L/mins) ~ at rest, a typical cardiac output is 5-6 L/M ~ during exercise, cardiac output could be higher than 30L/min factors affecting cardiac output: 1) stroke volume (SV) - amount of blood ejected from left ventricle each beat 2) heart rate (HR) - number of beats per min
35
What is stroke volume (SV)?
amount of blood ejected from left ventricle each heartbeat ~ average: SV = 60-70 mL ~ during exercise: can increase to 100-150 mL per beat depending on fitness level
36
What increases stroke volume?
1. aerobic training ~ strengthens the heart muscle (left ventricle) ~ increases ventricular filling, allowing more blood to be pumped per beat ~ leads to lower resting heart rate and higher stroke volume over time 2. strength training ~ increasing contractility (force of contraction) ~ over time, it can lead to a stronger, more efficient heart 3. lifestyle factors ~ hydration & healthy diet
37
What is resting heart rate (RHR)? What is the average and what factors affect it?
the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm) while at complete rest; important indicator of cardiovascular fitness and overall health and will impact cardiac output Average: adults: 60-100 bpm (during exercise; it can increase to a rate depending on your age - max = 220) Factors affecting HR: age, gender, fitness level, caffeine/stimulate use, stress, smoking, dehydration, illness, medication and more
38
What changes happen to the cardiovascular system when training?
1. structure of the heart ~ increase in ventricular mass (more muscles) ~ increase in ventricular volume (increase blood capacity) 2. Increase in the number of capillaries in the heart muscle to improve O2 delivery 3. Increase in blood volume within a few days of training 4. if training continues, there will be an increase in oxygen carrying red blood cells
39
How is blood flow distributed during exercise?
during exercise, the skeletal muscles have an increased need for oxygen. they achieve an increase in O2 delivery in 2 ways: 1) increase of blood flow to working muscles 2) decrease in blood flow to less active organs (stomach, intestine, kidneys) *** redistribution is dependent on the intensity of activity
40
What is the importance of blood
blood is a lifesaving fluid that circulates through the body delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste; plays a key role in immune defense, clotting, and temp. regulation
41
How is the vascular system formed?
formed by a network of vessels that transport blood through the body ~ as you travel away from the heart, the vessels begin to branch out and get smaller ~ as you travel towards the heart, the vessels begin to get larger
42
Whats the common feature that all the main vascular categories (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) share?
a thin layer of cells that line the vessels to allow diffusion in and out the cell

Kinesiology (6 decks)

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