The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Four chambers of the heart?

Answer 1

• Left Atrium
• Right Atrium
• Left Ventricle
• Right Ventricle

Question 2

Formula for Cardiac output

Answer 2

Heart rate X Stroke Volume

Question 3

What is the Septum?

Answer 3

Muscular bands that separate the left and right ventricles and contributes to cardiac function

Question 4

Name the valve on the right side of the heart

Answer 4

Tricuspid Valve

Question 5

Name the valve on the Left side of the heart

Answer 5

Bicuspid Valve

Question 6

what is meant by SAN

Answer 6

Sinoatrial node

Question 7

Function of the SAN node?

Answer 7

The natural pacemaker of the heart which is responsible for regular contraction of the heart muscle

Question 8

What is the Vena Cava?

Answer 8

A large vein

Question 9

Function of the Superior vena cava

Answer 9

The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

Question 10

Function of the inferior vena cava

Answer 10

The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis.

Question 11

Function of the right pulmonary artery?

Answer 11

Carries deoxygenated blood to the right lung

Question 12

Function of the left pulmonary artery?

Answer 12

Carries deoxygented blood to the left lung

Question 13

What is the Aorta?

Answer 13

The largest artery of the body

Question 14

What is the function of the Aorta?

Answer 14

Carries oxygenated blood to the body

Question 15

What is the Semilunar Valve and its function?

Answer 15

It is a half-moon-shaped leaflet of endocardium and connective tissues which prevents the backward flow of blood.

Question 16

What is the bundle of HIS

Answer 16

A group of fibres that carry electrical impulses through the centre of the heart. if the signals are blocked, you will have problems with your heartbeat.

Question 17

Function of HIS

Answer 17

Transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.

Question 18

Structure of Arteries

Answer 18

-relatively thick wall
-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-lined with a smooth layer of endothelial cells
-narrow lumen

Question 19

Structure of the Capillaries

Answer 19

-thin wall (one cell thick)
-small lumen

Question 20

Structure of the Veins

Answer 20

-thin wall
-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-wide lumen
-valves

Question 21

Function of the arteries

Answer 21

-withstand high blood pressure
-walls stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow
-low friction surface to ease blood flow

Question 22

Function of the veins

Answer 22

-blood under low pressure
-no stretching and recoiling
-acts as a blood reservoir due to large volume
-valves stop backflow, ensuring a one-way flow of blood toward the heart

Question 23

Function of the capillaries

Answer 23

-allows exchange between blood and tissues
-links arteries and veins

Question 24

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

Answer 24

blood fills the atrium via gravity
-right and left atria contract together
-blood leaves the atrium
-atrial kick happens to push blood into the ventricle
-blood moves into the ventricles
-AV valves close
-ventricular pressure rises
-volume rises
-pockets fill with blood
-as the ventricles finish contracting the ventricular pressure rises above the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery
-apex contracts and semi-lumar valve opens
-blood passes from ventricles into the semi-lumar valve

Question 25

What is AVN?

Answer 25

Atrioventricular node

Question 26

Describe what happens in the contraction of the heart

Answer 26

-Contraction is initiated by the SAN, which sends out a wave of contraction around the walls of the atria. this causes the atria to contract together, pushing blood into the ventricles
-Waves of contraction cant pass into the ventricles because there is a barrier of insulating tissue separating the atria and the ventricles; instead, the AV node passes the wave of contraction into the ventricles. The AV node is a slow-conducting bridge through the insulating tissue. it carries the contraction into the ventricles but does it slowly, so there is time for the ventricles to fill before it contracts
-The AV node is connected to the Purkinje fibres (through the bundle of his), the fibres are fast conducting and lead the contraction to the bottom of the ventricles. This means that the ventricles contract bottom-upwards, ensuring that all the blood is forced into circulation.

Question 27

What are Purkinje fibres?

Answer 27

Specific heart muscle tissue that is responsible for the generation of heart impulses.

Question 28

What is sinus arrhythmia

Answer 28

Irregular heartbeat

Question 29

What is Bradycardia?

Answer 29

Slow heartbeat

Question 30

What is tachycardia?

Answer 30

Fast heartbeat

Question 31

What is a T wave?

Answer 31

Shows diastole

Question 32

What happens between the P-R waves

Answer 32

Delay in excitation from the SA node to the AV node

Question 33

What is the QRS complex?

Answer 33

Activation of ventricle

Question 34

What is a P wave

Answer 34

Activation of the atria

Question 35

What is Diastole

Answer 35

Period of ventricular/ atrial relaxation

Question 36

what is Systole

Answer 36

Period of ventricular/ atrial contraction

Question 37

Indications of Arrhythmias?

Answer 37

Tachycardia, Bradycardia,ventricular fibrillation, sinus arryhthmia, flat line

Question 38

What is meant by CVD

Answer 38

Cardiovascular disease

Question 39

What factors increases the risk of CVD

Answer 39

• Genetics
• Age
• Gender
• Diet
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Inactivity

Question 40

Treatments for CVD

Answer 40

• Transplants (heart ofc)
• Low dose asprin
• Statins
• Antihypersentives