The Cardiovascular and Circulatory systems Flashcards
Describe the components of the cardiovascular system.
The Cardiovascular system has 3 main components; arterial system, heart and venous system.
arteries carry blood away from the heart. the heart is the pump of the system. veins carry blood towards the heart.
Explain the flow of blood through the heart and the two circulations extending from it.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior vena cava, then moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, blood exits the heart through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs where it is oxygenated. oxygenated blood goes into the left atrium by the pulmonary veins then through the tricuspid valve into the left ventricle and leaves through the aortic valve to the body.
Describe the basic anatomy of the heart.
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
Superior vena cava, Pulmonary artery, Aorta, Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary veins, Inferior vena cava,
Describe the key principles of arteries and veins.
Arteries- Often part of a neurovascular bundle. high pressure. often named by anatomical location, round lumen, pulsatile, carry oxygenated blood, can bifurcate.
Define the terms: anastomoses, collateral circulation, end arteries, infarction
Anastomoses - arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network. It provides an alternative route for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion.
collateral circulation - alternative routes
End arteries - the only arterial supply to a given area.
Infarction - means irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood supply.
Name the main arteries which distribute blood to the head, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and limbs.
Head - Brachiocephalic trunk. left common carotid artery. left subclavian artery.
thorax - the abdominal aorta.
abdomen - the abdominal aorta, branches to supply abdominal organs.
pelvis - common ileac arteries
lower limbs - internal and external iliac arteries.
upper limbs - subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial, ulnar and radius.
Describe how lymph from tissues returns to the venous system.
lymphatic capillaries collect tissue fluid, once in the lymphatic capillaries the fluid is called lymph. lymphatics carry lymph through lymph nodes, eventually lymph is returned into the central veins in the root of the neck.
What do lymph nodes contain
White blood cells.
where does lymph eventually drain
Lymph eventually drains into venous system at venous angles in root of neck.
What happens when lymph nodes are fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading cancer
lymph nodes fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading cancer usually enlarge and can be palpated or seen on CT scan
What are the two main venous systems
Hepatic portal venous system and venous system.
explain the hepatic venous system
Drains venous blood from GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning.
explain systemic venous system
Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into superior or inferior vena cava.
explain superficial veins
smaller and run in superficial fascia then drain into deep veins
explain deep veins
larger and run deep to deep fascia and in cavities.
what are venae comitantes
small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath. arterial pulsation pushes venous blood around.
What 3 things assist venous blood flow back towards the heart.
- Venous valves
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Venae comitantes
Explain how venous valves assist in returning venous blood back towards the heart.
In limb veins, valves are present to ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity.
explain how skeletal muscle pump assists in returning venous blood back towards the heart.
Contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limb
What are the key principles of veins
they carry de-oxygenated blood. low pressure and non-pulsatile. drain blood away from a territory. have tributaries
Do veins have tributaries, what are tributaries.
Veins have tributaries which are when 2 or more arteries merge into 1, like a river.
What are the peripheral pulses
Carotid, Femoral, Popliteal, Dorsalis pedis, Radial artery pulse, Brachial artery pulse.
What is vasodilation
Relaxation of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied.
What is vasoconstriction
Contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied.
What is the normal route of conduction of the heart.
- Electrical impulse starts spontaneously at sinoatrial node. 2. travels to atrioventricular node at atrioventricular septum. 3. travels down right and left bundles in the interventricular septum. 4. spreads out to myocardium through conducting fibres
Name all the valves of the heart
mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary.
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into
The right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle.
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into.
Thoracic duct drains lymph into left venous angle
