The Cardiovascular and Circulatory systems

Question 1

Describe the components of the cardiovascular system.

Answer 1

The Cardiovascular system has 3 main components; arterial system, heart and venous system.
arteries carry blood away from the heart. the heart is the pump of the system. veins carry blood towards the heart.

Question 2

Explain the flow of blood through the heart and the two circulations extending from it.

Answer 2

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior vena cava, then moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, blood exits the heart through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs where it is oxygenated. oxygenated blood goes into the left atrium by the pulmonary veins then through the tricuspid valve into the left ventricle and leaves through the aortic valve to the body.

Question 3

Describe the basic anatomy of the heart.

Answer 3

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
Superior vena cava, Pulmonary artery, Aorta, Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary veins, Inferior vena cava,

Question 4

Describe the key principles of arteries and veins.

Answer 4

Arteries- Often part of a neurovascular bundle. high pressure. often named by anatomical location, round lumen, pulsatile, carry oxygenated blood, can bifurcate.

Question 5

Define the terms: anastomoses, collateral circulation, end arteries, infarction

Answer 5

Anastomoses - arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network. It provides an alternative route for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion.
collateral circulation - alternative routes
End arteries - the only arterial supply to a given area.
Infarction - means irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood supply.

Question 6

Name the main arteries which distribute blood to the head, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and limbs.

Answer 6

Head - Brachiocephalic trunk. left common carotid artery. left subclavian artery.
thorax - the abdominal aorta.
abdomen - the abdominal aorta, branches to supply abdominal organs.
pelvis - common ileac arteries
lower limbs - internal and external iliac arteries.
upper limbs - subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial, ulnar and radius.

Question 7

Describe how lymph from tissues returns to the venous system.

Answer 7

lymphatic capillaries collect tissue fluid, once in the lymphatic capillaries the fluid is called lymph. lymphatics carry lymph through lymph nodes, eventually lymph is returned into the central veins in the root of the neck.

Question 8

What do lymph nodes contain

Answer 8

White blood cells.

Question 9

where does lymph eventually drain

Answer 9

Lymph eventually drains into venous system at venous angles in root of neck.

Question 10

What happens when lymph nodes are fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading cancer

Answer 10

lymph nodes fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading cancer usually enlarge and can be palpated or seen on CT scan

Question 11

What are the two main venous systems

Answer 11

Hepatic portal venous system and venous system.

Question 12

explain the hepatic venous system

Answer 12

Drains venous blood from GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning.

Question 13

explain systemic venous system

Answer 13

Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into superior or inferior vena cava.

Question 14

explain superficial veins

Answer 14

smaller and run in superficial fascia then drain into deep veins

Question 15

explain deep veins

Answer 15

larger and run deep to deep fascia and in cavities.

Question 16

what are venae comitantes

Answer 16

small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath. arterial pulsation pushes venous blood around.

Question 17

What 3 things assist venous blood flow back towards the heart.

Answer 17

1. Venous valves
2. Skeletal muscle pump
3. Venae comitantes

Question 18

Explain how venous valves assist in returning venous blood back towards the heart.

Answer 18

In limb veins, valves are present to ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity.

Question 19

explain how skeletal muscle pump assists in returning venous blood back towards the heart.

Answer 19

Contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limb

Question 20

What are the key principles of veins

Answer 20

they carry de-oxygenated blood. low pressure and non-pulsatile. drain blood away from a territory. have tributaries

Question 21

Do veins have tributaries, what are tributaries.

Answer 21

Veins have tributaries which are when 2 or more arteries merge into 1, like a river.

Question 22

What are the peripheral pulses

Answer 22

Carotid, Femoral, Popliteal, Dorsalis pedis, Radial artery pulse, Brachial artery pulse.

Question 23

What is vasodilation

Answer 23

Relaxation of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied.

Question 24

What is vasoconstriction

Answer 24

Contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied.

Question 25

What is the normal route of conduction of the heart.

Answer 25

1. Electrical impulse starts spontaneously at sinoatrial node. 2. travels to atrioventricular node at atrioventricular septum. 3. travels down right and left bundles in the interventricular septum. 4. spreads out to myocardium through conducting fibres

Question 26

Name all the valves of the heart

Answer 26

mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary.

Question 27

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into

Answer 27

The right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle.

Question 28

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into.

Answer 28

Thoracic duct drains lymph into left venous angle