The cardio lab

Question 1

Contractile state of resistance arterioles (Neural)

Answer 1

• sympathetic & parasympathetic NS

Question 2

Contractile state of resistance arterioles (Hormonal)

Answer 2

• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS)

Question 3

Contractile state of resistance arterioles (Local Transmitters)

Answer 3

• Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 4

Antihypertensive Drug Strategies to Reduce cardiac output

Answer 4

• (beta-adrenergic blockers: not 1st line)
• Ca2+ channel blockers

Question 5

Antihypertensive Drug Strategies to Dilate resistance vessels

Answer 5

• Ca2+ channel blockers
• Renin-angiotensin system blockers
• alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockers
• Nitrates

Question 6

Antihypertensive Drug Strategies to Reduce vascular volume

Answer 6

• Diuretics. RAS blockers

Question 7

ACE Inhibitors

Answer 7

• Perindopril
• Ramipril
• anything else ending in -pril

Question 8

Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)

Answer 8

• Candesartan
• Irbesartan
• anything else ending in -sartan

Question 9

Autonomic Nervous System regulates blood pressure by?

Answer 9

effects on both pump output and resistance in the circulation.
* Parasympathic involves beta-1 adrenoceptors and control heart rate and contractility
* Sympathetic involves alpha-1 adenoceptors and control peripheral vascular resistance.

Question 10

Parasympathic involves what receptor and affects what involving blood pressure

Answer 10

beta-1 adrenoceptors and control heart rate and contractility at the heart.

Question 11

Sympathetic involves what receptor and affects what involving blood pressure

Answer 11

alpha-1 adrenoceptors and control peripheral vascular resistance at the arteriole.

Question 12

Beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonists

Answer 12

Metoprolol, atenolol, other –olol’s
Decrease blood pressure: Not 1st line: don’t lower stroke risk & mortality as well as other antihypertensive like propanol.

Question 13

alpha-1 Adrenoceptor Blockers

Answer 13

Prazosin: Relaxes peripheral resistance vessels

Question 14

Cardiac Muscle: Ca2+ storage in where?

Answer 14

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

PVR meaning

Answer 15

Peripheral vascular resistence

Question 16

Blood pressure is physiologically controlled by what

Answer 16

• cardiac output,
• peripheral vascular resistance, and
• blood volume.

Question 17

The 4 major classes of antihypertensive drugs

Answer 17

• diuretics,
  *β-blockers,
  *calcium channel blockers, and
  *renin-angiotensin system inhibitors

Question 18

What is hypertension

Answer 18

High blood pressure

Question 19

Cardiac output definition

Answer 19

The volume of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles and is usually measured in litres per minute (L/min).

Question 20

Cardiac output equation

Answer 20

Stroke Volume x heart rate

Question 21

Any factor that causes cardiac output to increase, by elevating heart rate and/or stroke volume, will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow. Name some factors?

Answer 21

• sympathetic stimulation,
• adrenaline and noradrenaline, and
• increased calcium ion levels

Question 22

The sympathetic nervous system innervates what increased cardiac output

Answer 22

• The sinoatrial node,
  *the atrioventricular node, and
  *both atrial and ventricular muscles via cervical, cervicothoracic, and thoracic nerves.

Question 23

Factors that decreases cardiac output, by decreasing heart rate and/or stroke volume, will decrease arterial pressure and blood flow. This includes parasympathetic stimulation and decreased calcium levels. Para innervates:

Answer 23

• the sinoatrial node,
• the atrioventricular node, and
• the atrial muscles via the vagus nerve.

Question 24

Peripheral vascular resistance definition

Answer 24

e refers to compliance, which is the ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content.

Question 25

The greater the compliance of an artery means?

Answer 25

The more effectively it can expand to accommodate surges in blood flow without increased resistance or blood pressure.

Question 26

Compliance in the context of arteries

Answer 26

the ability of the arterial walls to stretch or expand in response to changes in blood pressure.

Question 27

Decreased cardiac output involves what system

Answer 27

Parasympathetic

Question 28

Increase cardiac output involves what system

Answer 28

Sympathetic

Question 29

Which is more compliant veins or arteries?

Answer 29

Veins -> can expand and hold more blood

Question 30

What happens to compliance when vascular disease causes stiffening of the arteries (e.g., atherosclerosis),

Answer 30

* compliance reduced * resistance to blood flow in increased. * results in more turbulence, higher pressure within the vessel, and reduced blood flow. * This increases heart work

Question 31

Blood volume definition

Answer 31

is the amount of blood moving through the body

Question 32

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 32

a rapid and effective mechanism that responds to sudden changes in blood pressure regulation.

Question 33

Baroreceptors are located where

Answer 33

In the carotid sinus in carotid arteries and aortic arch

Question 34

Baroreceptors are sensitive to a change in what

Answer 34

Changes in the stretch or distension of arterial walls

Question 35

What happen to arteries when blood pressure increases

Answer 35

Walls of artery stretch and activates baroreceptors to generate action potentials

Question 36

Simple explain artery wall stretch and baroreceptors

Answer 36

Increase BP → Arterial wall stretch → Activate baroreceptors → Action potential → signal to vasomotor centre in brain

Question 37

Simple pathway if BP is too high

Answer 37

The parasympathic NS activated → Acetylcholine released → ACh decreases heart rate → lower BP

Question 38

Simple pathway is BP is too low

Answer 38

Stimulates Sympathetic NS → noradrenaline released → increase heart rate and contractile heart force → more vasoconstriction →increase in BP

Question 39

How is BP regulated

Answer 39

Through the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 40

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is triggered by?

Answer 40

Low blood pressure, low blood volume, or low sodium levels in the bloodstream.

Question 41

Simple pathway of renin to increase BP

Answer 41

↓ blood flow to the kidneys and/or ↑ sympathetic stimulation of kidneys ↓ Renin released from kidney ↓ Renin converts angiotensin precursor (angiotensinogen in liver) to inactive angiotensin I in circulation (lungs) ↓ angiotensin I is cleaved to active angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ↓ Angiotensin II activates angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors on blood vessels ↓ vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Question 42

What does angiotensin II activate?

Answer 42

Angiotensin II activates AT1 receptors in the adrenal cortex → releases aldosterone → that stimulates mineralocorticoid receptors to increase reabsorption of sodium and water from kidneys → this increases blood volume which also leads to elevated blood pressure.

Question 43

Noradrenaline MoA

Answer 43

Alpha and beta adrenoceptor agonist

Question 44

Adrenaline

Answer 44

Alpha and beta adrenoceptor agonist

Question 45

Isoprenaline

Answer 45

Beta adrenoceptor agonist

Question 46

Phenylephrine

Answer 46

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist

Question 47

Acetylcholine

Answer 47

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonist

Question 48

Propranolol

Answer 48

Beta - adrenoceptor antagonist

Question 49

Prazosin

Answer 49

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist

Question 50

Atropine

Answer 50

competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist

Question 51

Verapamil

Answer 51

calcium channel blocker