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PHAR222 > The cardio lab > Flashcards

The cardio lab Flashcards

1
Q

Contractile state of resistance arterioles (Neural)

A
  • sympathetic & parasympathetic NS
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2
Q

Contractile state of resistance arterioles (Hormonal)

A
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS)
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3
Q

Contractile state of resistance arterioles (Local Transmitters)

A
  • Nitric Oxide (NO)
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4
Q

Antihypertensive Drug Strategies to Reduce cardiac output

A
  • (beta-adrenergic blockers: not 1st line)
  • Ca2+ channel blockers
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5
Q

Antihypertensive Drug Strategies to Dilate resistance vessels

A
  • Ca2+ channel blockers
  • Renin-angiotensin system blockers
  • alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockers
  • Nitrates
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6
Q

Antihypertensive Drug Strategies to Reduce vascular volume

A
  • Diuretics. RAS blockers
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7
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A
  • Perindopril
  • Ramipril
  • anything else ending in -pril
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8
Q

Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)

A
  • Candesartan
  • Irbesartan
  • anything else ending in -sartan
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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System regulates blood pressure by?

A

effects on both pump output and resistance in the circulation.
* Parasympathic involves beta-1 adrenoceptors and control heart rate and contractility
* Sympathetic involves alpha-1 adenoceptors and control peripheral vascular resistance.

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10
Q

Parasympathic involves what receptor and affects what involving blood pressure

A

beta-1 adrenoceptors and control heart rate and contractility at the heart.

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11
Q

Sympathetic involves what receptor and affects what involving blood pressure

A

alpha-1 adrenoceptors and control peripheral vascular resistance at the arteriole.

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12
Q

Beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonists

A

Metoprolol, atenolol, other –olol’s
Decrease blood pressure: Not 1st line: don’t lower stroke risk & mortality as well as other antihypertensive like propanol.

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13
Q

alpha-1 Adrenoceptor Blockers

A

Prazosin: Relaxes peripheral resistance vessels

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14
Q

Cardiac Muscle: Ca2+ storage in where?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

PVR meaning

A

Peripheral vascular resistence

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16
Q

Blood pressure is physiologically controlled by what

A
  • cardiac output,
  • peripheral vascular resistance, and
  • blood volume.
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17
Q

The 4 major classes of antihypertensive drugs

A
  • diuretics,
    *β-blockers,
    *calcium channel blockers, and
    *renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
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18
Q

What is hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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19
Q

Cardiac output definition

A

The volume of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles and is usually measured in litres per minute (L/min).

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20
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Stroke Volume x heart rate

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21
Q

Any factor that causes cardiac output to increase, by elevating heart rate and/or stroke volume, will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow. Name some factors?

A
  • sympathetic stimulation,
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline, and
  • increased calcium ion levels
22
Q

The sympathetic nervous system innervates what increased cardiac output

A
  • The sinoatrial node,
    *the atrioventricular node, and
    *both atrial and ventricular muscles via cervical, cervicothoracic, and thoracic nerves.
23
Q

Factors that decreases cardiac output, by decreasing heart rate and/or stroke volume, will decrease arterial pressure and blood flow. This includes parasympathetic stimulation and decreased calcium levels. Para innervates:

A
  • the sinoatrial node,
  • the atrioventricular node, and
  • the atrial muscles via the vagus nerve.
24
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance definition

A

e refers to compliance, which is the ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content.

25
Q

The greater the compliance of an artery means?

A

The more effectively it can expand to accommodate surges in blood flow without increased resistance or blood pressure.

26
Q

Compliance in the context of arteries

A

the ability of the arterial walls to stretch or expand in response to changes in blood pressure.

27
Q

Decreased cardiac output involves what system

A

Parasympathetic

28
Q

Increase cardiac output involves what system

A

Sympathetic

29
Q

Which is more compliant veins or arteries?

A

Veins -> can expand and hold more blood

30
Q

What happens to compliance when vascular disease causes stiffening of the arteries (e.g., atherosclerosis),

A
  • compliance reduced
  • resistance to blood flow in increased.
  • results in more turbulence, higher pressure within the vessel, and reduced blood flow.
  • This increases heart work
31
Q

Blood volume definition

A

is the amount of blood moving through the body

32
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

a rapid and effective mechanism that responds to sudden changes in blood pressure regulation.

33
Q

Baroreceptors are located where

A

In the carotid sinus in carotid arteries and aortic arch

34
Q

Baroreceptors are sensitive to a change in what

A

Changes in the stretch or distension of arterial walls

35
Q

What happen to arteries when blood pressure increases

A

Walls of artery stretch and activates baroreceptors to generate action potentials

36
Q

Simple explain artery wall stretch and baroreceptors

A

Increase BP → Arterial wall stretch → Activate baroreceptors → Action potential → signal to vasomotor centre in brain

37
Q

Simple pathway if BP is too high

A

The parasympathic NS activated → Acetylcholine released → ACh decreases heart rate → lower BP

38
Q

Simple pathway is BP is too low

A

Stimulates Sympathetic NS → noradrenaline released → increase heart rate and contractile heart force → more vasoconstriction →increase in BP

39
Q

How is BP regulated

A

Through the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

40
Q

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is triggered by?

A

Low blood pressure, low blood volume, or low sodium levels in the bloodstream.

41
Q

Simple pathway of renin to increase BP

A

↓ blood flow to the kidneys and/or ↑ sympathetic stimulation of kidneys
↓
Renin released from kidney
↓
Renin converts angiotensin precursor (angiotensinogen in liver) to inactive angiotensin I in circulation (lungs)
↓
angiotensin I is cleaved to active angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).
↓
Angiotensin II activates angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors on blood vessels
↓
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

42
Q

What does angiotensin II activate?

A

Angiotensin II activates AT1 receptors in the adrenal cortex →
releases aldosterone →
that stimulates mineralocorticoid receptors to increase reabsorption of sodium and water from kidneys →
this increases blood volume which also leads to elevated blood pressure.

43
Q

Noradrenaline MoA

A

Alpha and beta adrenoceptor agonist

44
Q

Adrenaline

A

Alpha and beta adrenoceptor agonist

45
Q

Isoprenaline

A

Beta adrenoceptor agonist

46
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist

47
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonist

48
Q

Propranolol

A

Beta - adrenoceptor antagonist

49
Q

Prazosin

A

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist

50
Q

Atropine

A

competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist

51
Q

Verapamil

A

calcium channel blocker

PHAR222 (25 decks)

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