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PHAR222 > L1 ANS > Flashcards

L1 ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

– innervates all tissues except skeletal muscle
– operates outside conscious control
– essential role in homeostasis

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2
Q

Sensory Nervous System

A

– detects stimuli inside and outside the body
– transmits to specific brain regions for processing
– external stimuli – light, sound, smell, touch, taste
– internal stimuli – O2 concentration, pressure, pH

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

– skeletal muscle nervous system
– voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Name the two neurones synapse in specialised autonomic ganglia

A
  • Preganglionic neurone
    – neurone with cell body in CNS
  • Postganglionic neurone
    – neurone with cell body in ganglia
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5
Q
  • Preganglionic neurone
  • Postganglionic neurone
A

– neurone with cell body in CNS
– CNS origin is the basis of initial classification of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

– neurone with cell body in ganglia
– innervates the target tissue

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6
Q

Sympathetic neurotransmitter release simple

A

CNS→ganglion→ACh→Nicotinic receptors→postganglionic neuron→Noradrenaline in neuroeffector juction→alpha/beta adrenoceptors

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter release

A

CNS→preganglionic neuron→ACh→ganglion/nicotinic receptors→ACh→muscarinic receptors

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8
Q

PNS

Heart

A

↓ rate (bradycardia)

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9
Q

PNS

Lungs

A

bronchoconstriction, secretion

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10
Q

PNS

GI tract

A

↑ tone, motility of small & large intestine, ↑ secretion of saliva and gastric acid

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11
Q

PNS

Glands

A

↑sweating, salivation, lacrimation

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12
Q

PNS

Eye

A

sphincter muscle contraction, ciliary muscle contraction

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13
Q

PNS

Blood vessels

A

most blood vessels not innervated vasodilatation in some vessels

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14
Q

How acetylcholine is formed

A

Choline + acetyl-Co-enzyme A
|
Choline acetyltransferase
↓
Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Cholinergic Synapse routes of ACh

A
  1. Diffuse
  2. (Might cross synapse but don’t hv to) ACh-esterase →choline (+ acetyl-co-A→ACh
  3. M2 receptors that will decrease production of ACh
  4. M3 receptors that will cross the synapse and cause contractions in smooth muscle

In chlinergic veins`

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16
Q

Parasympathomimetic Agents:

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Muscarine
  • Nicotine
17
Q

Parasympathomimetic Agent Acetylcholine

A
  • Nico and Muscar
  • Stim those receptors
  • Agonist at ganglionic (nico) and postganglionic (mascarinic) receptors
18
Q

Parasympathomimetic agent: Muscarine

A
  • Alkaloid obtained from Amanita muscaria (toadstool)
  • Quaternary ammonium compound
  • Resistant to acetylcholinesterase
  • Selective for muscarinic receptors (postganglionic)
  • Does not stimulate nicotinic (ganglionic) receptors
19
Q

Parasympathomimetic agent: Nicotine

A
  • No resemblance to either ACh or muscarine
  • Selective for nicotinic (ganglionic) receptors
  • Does not stimulate muscarinic (postganglionic) receptors
20
Q

Parasympathetic agent agonist will

A

Stimulates the receptor
Mimics acetylcholine

21
Q

Parasympathetic agent antagonist will

A

Binds to the receptor
Blocks effects of acetylcholine

22
Q

Parasympathetic agent chonlinesterase inhibitor will

A
  • Inhibits metabolism of acetylcholine
  • Acetylcholine levels increase
  • Effects of receptor stimulation are potentiated / prolonged
23
Q

Analogues of ACh

A
  • ACH (M&N) - highly susceptable to ACH Est (+++) [short acting]
  • Methacholine (M) - more resistant to ACH Est (+) [longer acting]
  • Carbachol (M&N) - resistant to ACH Est (-) [long acting]
  • Pilocarpine (M) - resistant to ACH Est (-) [miotic agent ↑ glandular secretion]

Car- NH2
Meth-CH3

24
Q

Anterior Chamber of the Eye

A
  • response to increased light
  • accommodation for near vision
  • aqueous humour
25
Q

Uses of Muscarinic Agonists and open angle glaucoma

A
  • Treats open angle glaucoma where pressure inside eye increases and can cause optic nerve damage
  • When pupil is dilated it hinders drainages of aqueous humour
  • the iris will fold at an angle and block where the aqueous humour is supposed to drain
  • Muscarinic agonist will stim the parasympathetic NS leading to pupil constriction (miosis), opening the drainage angle and aqueous humour flow out of eye more ↓
  • Reducing the intraocular pressure.
26
Q

Uses of Muscarinic Agonists and urinary rentention

A
  • Condition where person cannot empty bladder
  • Muscarinic will contraction of bladder muscles helping urination
27
Q

Uses of Muscarinic Agonists and paralytic Ilieus

A
  • Condition where intestines can’t move food and waste through DT
  • Mscarununc receptors in GI tract promote constriction of smooth muscles in intestines to restore bowel movements.
28
Q

Shouldn’t use muscarinic agnoist if you have what diseases/conditions

A
  • Asthma - bronchoconstriction, hypersecretion of mucus
  • Peptic ulcer - ↑gastric acid secretion
  • Heart attacks - bradycardia causing coronary insufficiency
  • Hyperthyroidism - hypersecretion of thyroid hormone↑↑
29
Q

ACh-Est and Cholinergic Synapse diagram

A
  • ACh to M/N
  • ACh to ACh-est → Choline + acetic acid = taken back up to synthesise more ACh
30
Q

ACh-Est stucture

A
  • Anionic site for ACh’s N+
  • esteratic site for ACh’s ester
31
Q

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A
  • Cholinesterase catalyse hydrolysis of Ach
    – acetylcholinesterase + pseudocholinesterase
  • Acetylcholinesterase terminates action of ACh at nerve terminals
  • Cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit catalytic activity of cholinesterase enzymes
    – ACh accumulates ↑
    – neurotransmission increases
32
Q

Name a short-acting Cholinesterase Inhibitor

A

Edrophonium

33
Q

Edrophonium

A

– combines reversibly with acetylcholinesterase
– effective for only a few minutes
– used to diagnose myasthenia gravis
* skeletal muscle disease
* autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
* nico receptors blocked by antibodies

34
Q

Name two Longer-acting Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A
  1. Physostigmine
  2. Neostigmine
35
Q

Physostigmine (Calabar bean) and neostigmine do what

A
  • Bind to cholinesterase to form carbamylated intermediate that hydrolyses in min-hrs
  • ACh forms acetylated intermediate
  • Physostigmine and neostigmine are destroyed in reaction
36
Q

Therapeutic Uses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the eye

A
  • Pupil constricts
  • ↓Intraocular pressure in open angle glaucoma
  • In cycloplegia will contract ciliary muscle, thicken lens and constric pupil and accommodate for near vision
37
Q

Therapeutic Uses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Skeletal neuromuscular junction

A
  • Has nicotine receptors
  • Reverse paralysis caused by curare-like drugs
  • diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis

PHAR222 (25 decks)

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