L11 ethics

Question 1

Use of animals in teaching

Answer 1

• The 3 Rs in Pharmacology practicals

Question 2

• The 3 Rs in Pharmacology practicals

Answer 2

– Replacement - alternatives to animals considered / adopted
* computer simulations, biochemistry
– Reduction – minimise number of animals used
* staff perform dissections
– Refinement - minimise pain & distress, enhance wellbeing
* experienced staff
* experiment design
* environmental enrichment

Question 3

– Replacement -

Answer 3

alternatives to animals considered / adopted * computer simulations, biochemistry

Question 4

– Reduction

Answer 4

– minimise number of animals used
* staff perform dissections

Question 5

– Refinement

Answer 5

• minimise pain & distress, enhance wellbeing
• experienced staff
• experiment design
• environmental enrichment

Question 6

Use of animals in teaching: alternatives

Answer 6

• Computer simulations: work and fast response but forgettable
• Biochemistry-type experiments: tissue culture and test tubes
• Plastination: tissue with plastic polymer.
• Filmed practicals
• Demonstrations

Question 7

• Computer simulations

Answer 7

– always ‘work’, fast response, convenient
– ‘forgettable’,  understanding of biological systems

Question 8

• Biochemistry-type experiments

Answer 8

– cell culture, test tube

Question 9

• Plastination

Answer 9

– biological tissue specimens preserved with plastic polymer – plastinated specimens retain tissue textures and structures

Question 10

Moral reasoning in the conduct of science

Answer 10

• Sensitivity
• Reasoning
• commitment
• perseverance

Question 11

• Moral sensitivity

Answer 11

Recognizing potential actions, their impact on others, and how those affected would perceive these actions.

Question 12

Moral Reasoning:

Answer 12

Judging the moral rightness of a course of action.

Question 13

Moral Commitment:

Answer 13

Prioritizing moral values over personal values when making decisions.

Question 14

Moral Perseverance:

Answer 14

Overcoming obstacles to implement the chosen moral course of action.

Question 15

Principles of bioethics

Answer 15

• Respect for autonomy
• Non-maleficence
• Beneficence
• Justice

Question 16

• Respect for autonomy

Answer 16

– respect for persons,right to self-determination bioethics

Question 17

• Non-maleficence

Answer 17

bioethics
– an obligation to not inflict harm on others

Question 18

• Beneficence

Answer 18

bioethics
Acting for the benefit of others and society. mercy kindness and charity

Question 19

• Justice

Answer 19

– fairness, equitable treatment

Question 20

Importance of Scientific Integrity:

Answer 20

–Scientific knowledge relies on repeated observations and experiments.
–Fabrication or falsification of data can lead to wasted resources, misguided public health policies, and a loss of public trust in science.

Question 21

Shared Values in Science:

Answer 21

The sources emphasize honesty, accuracy, efficiency, and objectivity as crucial values for maintaining scientific integrity

Question 22

Rules Governing Scientific Conduct:

Answer 22

Professional codes, government regulations, institutional policies, and personal convictions all contribute to guiding ethical scientific practices.

Question 23

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMR):

Answer 23

The NHMR defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism, excluding honest errors or differences in interpretation.

Question 24

Costs of Misconduct:

Answer 24

Corruption of the scientific record, financial costs, damage to reputation, and potential harm to patients and society as consequences of misconduct.

Question 25

• Fabrication

Answer 25

make up results and data

Question 26

• Falsification

Answer 26

manipulating reseach materials and processes or change or omit data so research is not accurately representive

Question 27

Plagiarism

Answer 27

Appropriation of anothers ideas without credit.

Question 28

Describe FIVE methods that may be used to falsify results obtained in clinical trials.

Answer 28

Trials are too short
Only test on ideal patients
Test drug against somethings that is rubbish like placebo or a low dose of something else
Stopping Trials Early to Exaggerate Results
“Trials that stop late”
Trials that change outcome after finished.