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Repro > The Breasts and Vulva > Flashcards

The Breasts and Vulva Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two regions of the breasts?

A

Circular body

Axillary tail

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2
Q

What is the nipple composed of and what surrounds it? What does this contain?

A

Smooth muscle
Areolae - contains numerous sebaceous glands which enlarge during pregnancy to produce an oily substance which acts as a protective lubricant of the nipple

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3
Q

Structure of the mammary glands?

A

Series of ducts and 15-20 secretory lobules
Each lobule made of many alveoli drained by a single lactiferous duct which contains a dilated section - lactiferous sinus
Droplets of milk collect here
Ducts converge at the nipple

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4
Q

What is the connective tissue stroma of the breast?

A

Supporting structure which surrounds the mammary glands?

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5
Q

What are the components of the connective tissue stroma?

A

Fibrous - condenses to form suspensory ligaments which attach and secure breasts to dermis and underlying pectoral fascia. Also separates secretory secretory lobules of the breast
Fatty component

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6
Q

What is the pectoral fascia?

A

Flat sheet of connective tissue associated with the pec major which the breast lies on.

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7
Q

What is the layer of loose connective tissue between the pectoral fascia and and breast?

A

Retromammary space - a potential space often used in plastic surgery

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8
Q

Arterial supply to the breasts?

A

Medial aspect - internal thoracic, branch of the subclavian

Lateral aspect - lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches of axillary artery

Lateral mammary branches of posterior intercostal arteries supply lateral aspect of 2-4th intercostal spaces
Mammary branch from anterior intercostal artery

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9
Q

Venous drainage of mammary glands?

A

Correspond with arteries

Drain into axillary and internal thoracic veins

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10
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breasts?

A

Axillary lymph nodes - 75%
Parasternal - 20%
Posterior intercostal lymph nodes - 5%

Skin drains into axillary, inferior deep cervical and infraclavicular nodes

Nipple and areolar - subareolar lymphatic plexus

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11
Q

Nerve supply of the breasts?

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th IC nerves which contain sensory and autonomic nerve fibres (regulates smooth muscle and blood vessel tone)

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12
Q

What is secretion of milk regulated by?

A

Prolactin secreted by anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Most common cancer in the UK?

A

Breast cancer

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14
Q

What can happen when lymph drainage is blocked by breast cancer?

A

Lymph collects in subcutaneous tissue leading to nipple deviation and retraction, prominent skin between small dimpled pores

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15
Q

What are larger dimples in skin of the breast caused by? (breast cancer)

A

Invasions and fibrosis

Causes traction of the suspensory ligaments causing them to shorten

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16
Q

What do breast cancer metastases feel like?

A

Stony, hard and fixed

17
Q

Where can breast cancer metastasise to?

A 
Most commonly the axillary lymph nodes
Ovaries
Bone
Lungs
Liver
18
Q

What is the triple assessment done in suspected breast cancer?

A

Clinical exam
Mammogram and ultrasound
Biopsy

19
Q

How is breast cancer staged?

A

1-4 or TNM

20
Q

What is the best treatment for breast cancer?

A

Chemo and surgery

21
Q

Describe the location of the beats

A

Anterior thoracic wall
Extend horizontally to mid-axillary line
Extend between 2nd and 6th IC cartilages

22
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Collective term for female external genital organs

23
Q

Functions of the vulva?

A

Sensory tissue in sex
Assist in micturition by directing flow
Protect internal female repro tract from infection

24
Q

What makes up the vulva?

A 
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Vestibule
Bartholin's glands 
Clitoris
25
Q

Clinical relevance of Bartholin’s glands?

A

Can get bartholinitis

26
Q

Vascular supply of the vulva?

A

Paired pudendal arteries - internal branch contributes mostly
Pudendal veins and smaller labial veins as tributaries

27
Q

What happens during sex to the veins draining the vulva?

A

Become engorged to increase the size of the clitoris

28
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the vulva?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

29
Q

Innervation of the vulva?

A

Sensory

  • anterior supplied by ilioinguinal and genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  • posterior by pudendal and posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Parasympathetic

  • to clitoris and vestibule
  • from cavernous nerves derived from uterovaginal plexus

Repro (31 decks)

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