Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro > Breast cancer > Flashcards

Breast cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of cases of breast cancer happens in males?

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What proportion of women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime?

A

1 in 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What increases the risk of male breast cancer?

A

Klinefelter’s
Male to female transexuals
Men treated with oestrogen for prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common type of breast cancer?

Name some other types

A

Adenocarcinoma (95%)

Primary sarcoma eg angiosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is breast cancer most common?

A

Upper outer quadrant (about 50% occur here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormonal risk factors for breast cancer?

A 
Gender
Uninterrupted menses
Early menarche (
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Other risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Geographic - higher in US and Europe
Atypical changes on previous biopsy
Previous breast cancer
Therapeutic radiation exposure especially in childhood/adolescence eg Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Genetics - mutations to BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the BRCA1 and 2 genes normally do?

A

Tumour suppressor gene - their proteins repair damaged DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lifetime risk for female carriers of BRCA1/2 gene?

A

60-85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classifications of breast carcinoma?

A

In situ or invasive

Ductal or lobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

For in situ carcinoma, what limits the spread of neoplastic populations of cells? Where is the spread limited to?

A

Limited to ducts and lobules
Limited by basement membrane so that myoepithelial cells are spared
Does not invade into vessels so cannot metastasise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) often present?

A

Mammographic calcifications (clusters or linear branching)

Sometimes as a mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does DCIS appear histologically?

A

Central necrosis with calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can DCIS be a pre-cursor be a precursor to?

A

Invasive carcinoma (but not always)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where can DCIS spread to?

A

Through ducts and lobules, can be very extensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

When DCIS cells extend to nipple skin without crossing the basement membrane
Get unilateral red and crusting nipple

17
Q

What is invasive carcinoma?

A

When DCIS has invaded beyond the membrane

Can invade into vessels and therefore metastasise to lymph nodes

18
Q

How does invasive carcinoma usually present?

A

As a mass or mammographic abnormality

-by the time a mass is palpable, more than half will have axillary lymph node metastases

19
Q

What is peau d’orange?

A

When lymphatic drainage of skin is involved

20
Q

Types of invasive carcinoma?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type (IDC NST)
-70-80%

Invasive lobular carcinoma
-5-15%

Tubular (good prognosis), mucinous (good prognosis, older women)

21
Q

Histological appearance of IDC NST?

A

Well-differentiated type - tubules lined by atypical cells

Poorly differentiated type - sheets of pleomorphic cells

22
Q

Histological appearance of invasive lobular carcinoma?

A

Infiltrating cells in a single file, cells lack cohesion

23
Q

Prognosis of IDC NST and invasive lobular carcinoma?

A

35-50% 10 year survival

24
Q

Patterns of metastasis of breast cancer?

A

Lymph nodes via lymphatics, usually in ipsilateral axilla

Distant mets via blood vessels - bones, lungs, liver, brain

25
Q

Which cancer can spread to odd sites?

A

Invasive lobular carcinoma (peritoneum, retroperitoneum, leptomeninges, GI, ovaries, uterus)

26
Q

Factors determining prognosis in breast cancer?

A 
In situ disease or invasive
Histologic subtype - IDC NST has poor prognosis
Tumour grade
Tumour stage
Gene expression profile
27
Q

How are breast tumours staged?

A

Tumour size
Locally advanced disease - invading into skin or skeletal muscle
Lymph node mets
Distant mets

28
Q

How to diagnose breast cancer?

A

Triple approach

  • clinical - history, family history, examination
  • radiographic - mammogram and ultrasound
  • pathology - fine needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy
29
Q

Therapeutic approach to local and regional breast cancer?

A

Breast surgery
-mastectomy or breast conserving surgery

Axillary surgery
-extent depending on whether there are nodes involved

Post-op radiotherapy to chest and axilla

30
Q

Systemic control of breast cancer?

A

Chemo
Hormonal treatment
-tamoxifen if high amount of oestrogen receptors found on assessment
Herceptin treatment
-depends on amount of HER2 receptors found on assessment

Repro (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions