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Human Physiology > The Brain and Nervous system > Flashcards

The Brain and Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Where is the central nervous system found?

A

The central nervous system is everything inside the spine and skull eg the cortex, spinal cord and other subcortical structures

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3
Q

Where is the peripheral system found?

A

Everything outside the spine and skull eg nerves and ganglions

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4
Q

What is the Motor output division made up of? and what does each section do?

A

Somatic - Controls voluntary movement
Autonomic - Controls involuntary movement

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5
Q

What two parts make up the Autonomic nervous system ?

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

What are the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems mainly used for?

A

Sym - Fight or flight
Para - Rest and digestion

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7
Q

What are the 7 sensory systems?

A

Visual
Auditory
Olfactory (smell)
Gustatory (taste)
Tactile sensation (touch)
Vestibular (sense of head movement in space)
Proprioceptive (sensations from muscles and joints)

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8
Q

What do movements start with?

A

Sensory input, which is when receptors monitor a change (stimuli)

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9
Q

What are the 2 main cells of the nervous system and their function?

A

Neurones - electrically excitable to communicate
Glial cells - non neuronal cells used to maintain homestasis, form myelin and support/protect neurones

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10
Q

How does information pass within neurones? (process)

A

It is electrical
1) The signal arrives at the dendrites of the cell body
2) if it reaches threshold an action potential occurs and travels down the axon
3) The information is then coded by action potentials

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11
Q

How does information pass between neurones? (process)

A

It is chemical
1) Action potential causes entrance of Calcium
2) Vesicles then fuse with membrane secreting neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft
3) Neurotransmitter then binds to the receptors
4) if inhibitory it lowers charge, if excitatory it increases
5) If charge surpasses threshold then the neurone will fire an action potential

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12
Q

What are the 5 main glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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13
Q

4 main functions of Astrocytes?

A

1) Regulates chemicals eg glucose, ion conc, and neutrosmitters
2) Regulates blood flow - vasomodulation
Repairs nervous system by creating glial scars
4) maintains a blood brain barrier

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14
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin sheath on axons in the CNS

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15
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Form myelin in the PNS, allowing quicker propagation.

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16
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A

Essentially the brains immune system

17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells ?

A

Make up the ependyma membrane which produces cerebrospinal fluid

18
Q

What is the basic layout of the motor system?(8)

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. medulla
  3. pons
  4. cerebellum
  5. midbrain
  6. thalamus
  7. basal ganglia
  8. cerebral cortex
19
Q

Where is the brainstem located and what parts is it made of?

A

The top of the spinal cord.
Medulla, pons and cerebellum

20
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A

Contains nuclei which relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum which primarily involve things such as sleep, breathing, bladder control, senses etc

21
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Maintains balance and posture, as well as coordinating and learning movements

22
Q

What is the function of the Midbrain?

A

Controls orientation of the head, mainly responsible for seeing/hearing.

23
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

Passes info from the periphery to the cortex. It also is involved with hormones and metabolic control.

24
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

A series of interconnected nuclei, for things such as movement regulation, skill learning, habits, behaviours etc

25
Q

What is the function of the Medulla?

A

Controls Cardiac, Respiratory and Reflex movements

26
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral cortex?

A

Mainly movement, attention, memory/awareness, and language

27
Q

Where does sensory information come into?

A

The Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

28
Q

Where are Motor neurones located and what is their function?

A

Ventral spinal cord, they make direct contact onto muscles so stimulation can cause movement

29
Q

What tracts make up the Lateral descending system?

A

The corticospinal and rubrospinal
tracts

30
Q

What tracts make up the Medial descending system?

A

The vestibulospinal and reticulospinal
tracts.

31
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid automatic control of movement with little to no control

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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