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anatomy of the special sense organs > the brain and meninges > Flashcards

the brain and meninges Flashcards

1
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

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2
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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4
Q

rhombencephalon

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

cerebrum

A
  • 80% of brains mass
  • 2 hemispheres, left and right
  • incompletely separated by longitudinal cerebral fissure
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6
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
- partially underlie bones of the same name

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7
Q

cerebral convolutions - gyri and sulci

A

gyri - the folds
sulci - the grooves

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8
Q

cerebral convolutions - central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobe

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9
Q

cerebral convolutions - lateral sulcus

A

separates frontal and temporal lobe

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10
Q

cerebrum - grey and white matter

A

grey matter - neuronal cell bodies
white matter - tracts with glial support

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11
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • anterior to central sulcus
  • in dominant hemisphere: Broca’s motor speech area
  • prefrontal areas: personality and initiative
  • non dominant hemisphere - visual and spatial perception
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12
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor area of cerebral cortex

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13
Q

frontal lobe - paracentral lobule

A

medial surface posterior to central sulcus
- inhibition of voiding bladder and bowels

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14
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatic sensory area of the cerebral cortex
- receives afferent pathways for touch, posture and passive movement

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15
Q

parietal lobe - dominant and non dominant

A

dominant lobe - number handling

non dominant lobe - important for body image and awareness of external environment

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16
Q

temporal lobe - superior temporal gyrus

A

auditory cortex

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17
Q

dominant and non dominant hemisphere of temporal lobe

A

dominant - important for hearing language
non dominant - hearing sounds, Rhythm, and music

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18
Q

temporal lobe - wernickes area

A

superior temporal gyrus - in dominant hemisphere

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19
Q

temporal lobe - middle and inferior gyri

A

learning and memory

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20
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex is situated in this lobe

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21
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • in dominant hemisphere
  • superior to lateral sulcus
  • for expressive/ motor speech
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22
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

dominant superior temporal gyrus

perception of language

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23
Q

aphasia

A

problems with speech
- Broca’s aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia (word salad)
- conductive aphasia
global aphasia
- dysarthria - loss of articulation

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24
Q

conductive aphasia

A

Conductive aphasia - damage to arcuate fasciculus
- Trouble communicating between wernickes area and broca’s area

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25
Q

corpus callosum

A

links the 2 cerebral hemispheres together

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26
Q

thalamus

A

main sensory relay centre
All sensory pathways project neurons to the thalamus

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27
Q

hypothalamus

A

hormones

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28
Q

amygdala

A

emotional behaviour

memory

29
Q

midbrain

A

structures involved in initiating movement

  • affected in Parkinsonism, chorea and schizophrenia
30
Q

hindbrain - archicerebellum

A
  • balance
  • linked to vestibular nuclei
31
Q

hindbrain - palaeocerebellum

A

(vermis, paravermis, and globose and emboliform nuclei)
- muscle tone and posture
- spinocerebellar tracts

31
Q

hindbrain - neocerebellum

A

coordination of skeletal muscles

32
Q

typical pathologies resulting from cerebellar impairment

A

Dyskinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia

DANISH

33
Q

hindbrain - pons

A
  • between midbrain and medulla oblongata

contains nuclei of:
- trochlear nerve
- trigeminal nerve
- abducens nerve
- facial nerve

34
Q

hindbrain - medulla oblongata

A
  • most inferior structure of the brainstem
  • continuous with pons anteriorly and spinal cord inferiorly
  • contains nuclei of cranial nerves, 8,9,10,11,12
35
Q

brain - sagittal section

A

groups of neurons in brain stem that send impulses to muscles of ventilation

36
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A
  • sets rhythm, stimulates muscles of quiet inspiration
37
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

involved in forced inspiration and expiration

38
Q

pneumotaxic area (pons)

A

influences dorsal respiratory group by regulating the duration of inspiration

39
Q

the meninges

A

3 layers:
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater

protective connective tissue membranes that surround the CNS

40
Q

potential space

A
  • Something which has the potential to become an actual space
  • Potential spaces are interesting anatomically because they exist in the body and they formed normally because we have 2 structures, which due to the normal pressures exerted by other structures in the body, are pressed together but aren’t joined together
    And if we have an accident or some kind of pathology where something gets introduced into that potential space, it can force those 2 layers apart and form an actual space there
41
Q

actual space

A
  • E.g. oral cavity
  • Ventricles of the heart
    Blood vessels
42
Q

meningeal spaces

A

extradural space - potential space in the skull
subdural space - a potential space
subarachnoid space - actual space - contains CSF

43
Q

dura mater

A
  • outermost layer
  • toughest membrane
  • made of collagenous connective tissue
  • the dural sheaths of cranial nerves fuse with the dura that surrounds the brain
44
Q

layers of cranial dura

A
  • inner meningeal layer: continuous with spinal dura
  • outer periosteal layer: not found around spinal cord
45
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

the outer layer and the inner layer have split
- Theres a big blue triangle - contains deoxygenated blood
We call these natural separations of the layers of cranial dura, dural venous sinuses

46
Q

dural reflections

A

gray sheets of tissue

Dural reflections exist to stabilise the brain
- Sit between parts of the brain to keep them from rotating in the skull

47
Q

falx cerebri

A

This dural reflection comes down between your 2 hemispheres to separate them and we call that the falx cerebri

48
Q

diaphragm sellae

A

In between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland there is a diaphragm separating those 2 structures, called diaphragm sellae

49
Q

falx cerebellar

A

Posteiror to the vermis - between the vermis and the skull
- Theres another small dural reflection which is called the falx cerebellar

50
Q

cerebellar tentorium - dural reflection

A

Separates cerebellum from occipital lobe
- Slopes down and forms a tent over the cerebellum

51
Q

tentorial notch

A

increased intracranial pressure can lead to herniation of the temporal lobe and midbrain through the tensorial notch

compresses oculomotor nerve

eyes deviate laterally

52
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura
- lined with endothelium
- drain blood from cranial and orbital cavities
- contain no valves
- receives tributaries from the brain, orbit, ear
- drain to internal jugular vein

53
Q

dural venous sinuses examples

A
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • inferior petrosal sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • transverse sinus
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • cavernous sinus
  • superior petrosal sinus
  • straight sinus
54
Q

arterial supply of the dura

A

middle meningeal, internal carotid, vertebral, occipital, maxillary

55
Q

venous drainage of the dura

A

middle meningeal
(joins pterygoid plexus)

56
Q

nerve supply of the dura

A

sensory supply from branches of trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves C2 and C3

57
Q

period

A
  • Area where 4 bones meet- Weak part of the skull
  • Might be at risk of damage
  • Running deep to the pterion is the anterior part of the middle meningeal artery
    ○ Might get rupture
    ○ Could leak into cranial cavity and can’t escape
    so Pressure on the brain
58
Q

arachnoid mater

A

looks like a spiders web (arachnoid trabecular bridge subarachnoid space
- delicate
- transparant
- impermeable because it contains CSF
- avascular

59
Q

CSF

A
  • in subarachnoid space
  • maintains balance of ECF in the brain, provides nutrients for it and cushions it
  • arachnoid granulations allow CSF to transfer to venous system
60
Q

what produce CSF

A

choroid plexuses of ventricles produce CSF

61
Q

ventricles

A

paired lateral ventricles and single midline 3rd and 4th ventricles
- lateral ventricles inferior to corpus callosum
- inter ventricular foramen from lateral to 3rd ventricle

62
Q

what is 3rd ventricle surrounded by

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

63
Q

what connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

64
Q

where is the 4th ventricle

A

in the posterior part of the pons and medulla
- continuous with central canal of spinal cord (until adulthood)

64
Q

where does CSF drain from

A

drains from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space through a single median aperture and paired lateral apertures
- if blocked ventricles distend and cerebrum compressed

65
Q

what does increasing CSF pressure do

A

increasing CSF pressure around the optic nerve slows venosu return and results in oedema of the retina

optic disc becomes swollen = papilloedema

66
Q

pia mater

A

has a rich vascular supply
- adheres closely to the surface of the brain
- loose connective tissue membrane
- cerebral veins run on the pia mater within the subarachnoid space

anatomy of the special sense organs (9 decks)

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