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anatomy of the special sense organs > cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

motor neurones

A

motor neurons emerge from the CNS and they go outwards to muscles or glands and other structures
- they convey information to those structures and cause them to perform an action

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2
Q

sensory neurones

A

start at the receptor cells somewhere in the periphery, not in the CNS, and they convey information about the outside world or the inside world or the workings of that structure back to the CNS

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3
Q

somatic motor neurones

A

innervate skeletal muscles
- Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control so we can choose to contract those muscles
-some of them are able to involuntarily contract due to reflex arcs

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4
Q

visceral motor (sympathetic) neurons

A

innervate smooth/ cardiac muscles, glands
- never have conscious control over these
- fight or flight - stressful situations

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5
Q

visceral motor - parasympathetic

A

innervate smooth/ cardiac muscle, glands
- vegetative situations

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6
Q

somatic sensory neurones

A
  • the modality they convey is called somatic sensation.
  • We often just call that General sensation
    ○ E.g. touch, pressure, temp, pain, chemical stimulation
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7
Q

special sensation sensory neurones

A
  • all of those other senses
    olfaction, smell, Vision, sight, gustation, taste equilibrium (balance) sort of detection of the position of our head in space and how our head is moving in space and finally audition
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8
Q

visceral sensation sensory neurones

A
  • the information about what’s going on in with our viscera (our organs)
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9
Q

what is the nervous system divided into

A
  • CNS
  • PNS
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10
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of

A

the brain and the spinal cord
- and the role of the central nervous system is to coordinate and integrate incoming and outgoing neural signals.
○ So thinking and learning for example but also reflexes as well.
○ We’ll have interneurons and our central nervous system which basically take an incoming signal, act on it and activate an outgoing signal
So it’s not just conscious functions., It’s also can be unconscious functions as well

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11
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system are always other nerves which are conveying information
to the periphery or conveying information back from the periphery.

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12
Q

pairs of spinal nerves

A
  • 8 pairs of cervical
  • 12 pairs of thoracic
  • 5 pairs of lumbar
  • 5 pairs of sacral
  • 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
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13
Q

how are spinal nerves numbered

A

each set is numbered superior to inferior

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14
Q

what are the spinal nerves

A

always mixed nerves (motor and sensory) when they leave the vertebral column
- conduct neural impulses to and from CNS

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15
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • they emerge from the central nervous system again and the vast majority of them emerge from the brain and emerge anteriorly to posteriorly.
    They exit the skull anteriorly to posteriorly as well

Cranial nerves a little bit different in terms of where they emerge, how they are
named and how they function
- they emerge from the central nervous system again and the vast majority of them emerge from the brain and the emerge anteriorly to posteriorly.
- And they exit the skull anteriorly to posteriorly as well

Other way that they differ from the spinal nerves is that unlike spinal nerves They’re not necessarily mixed so much more specific in their function
- conduct neural impulses to and from CNS
.

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16
Q

where do cranial nerves leave the skull

A

through foramina

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16
Q

cranial nerve 1-3

A

1 - olfactory
2- optic
3 - oculometer

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17
Q

cranial nerve 4- 6

A

4 - trochlear
5 - trigeminal
6 - abducens

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18
Q

cranial nerve 7-9

A

7- facial
8 - vestibulocochlear
9 - glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

cranial nerve 10-12

A

10 -vagus
11 - spinal accessory
12 - hypoglossal

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20
Q

olfactory nerve

A

The olfactory nerve conveys sensory fibers only and those sensory fibers come from the nasal epithelium concerning olfaction (smell) it’s
associated with it is also something called cranial nerve 0
○ associated with possibly detecting pheromones, but it’s kind of not well understood in humans.

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21
Q

where does olfactory nerve enter skull

A

cribriform foramina.

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22
Q

optic nerve

A

Optic nerve is also sensory only and it conveys special sensory fibres from the retina concerning Vision.
So light waves hit your retina, they are transduced by the rod and Cone cells into action potentials both to convey that through neurons in your optic nerve

the left and the right sides merge together in this kind of eight shape and then split
again
that’s an easy way of spotting the optic nerve it got this 8 shape.

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23
Q

where does optic nerve enter the skull

A

optic canal

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24
Q

oculomotor nerve motor function

A

motor function in the orbital cavity
- We have two sets of muscles in the orbital cavity
○ We call them extraocular muscles and intraocular muscles
○ extraocular muscles are outside the eyeball - they move the eyeball
intraocular muscles are inside the eyeball and they alter the size and position of structures inside the eyeball to allow us to focus light waves and also to regulate the amount of light entering the eye ball

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25
Q

where does the oculomotor nerve convey somatic motor fibres to

A

the oculomotor nerve conveys somatic motor fibres to the medial rectus Superior, the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles
- these are all muscles that move the eyeball.

It also send somatic motor fibres over to the levator palpebrae superioris.
Contraction of this muscle elevates the upper eyelid and open your eyelids.

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26
Q

where does the oculomotor nerve convey parasympathetic fibres to

A

They go to the sphincter pupillae which is going to constrict the pupil to stop light waves getting in and the ciliary muscle which is important in focusing light onto the retina.

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27
Q

where does the oculomotor nerve convey proprioceptive fibres from

A
  • LPS, MR, SR, IR, and IO
28
Q

where does the oculomotor nerve enter the orbital into the skull

A
  • it enters the orbital cavity because that’s where the eyeball is, but in a different opening to the optic nerve
  • lateral to the optic nerve on each side, There’s this big crack in the back of the orbital cavity (a fissure) - called the superior orbital fissure and that’s where the oculomotor nerve enters
29
Q

trochlear nerve

A

trochlear nerve is also a motor nerve and it conveys somatic motor fibers to another
one of the extraocular muscles.
It only innervates, The one muscle called The Superior oblique.

we’re going to have proprioceptive fibres coming from the superior oblique and they also pass through
the trochlear nerve.

30
Q

where does trochlear nerve exit the skull

A

superior orbital fissure

31
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

originates in the brain stem and arises between the pons and the cerebellum
- It is the largest of the cranial nerves

has 3 divisions:
- ophthalmic nerve (sensory only)
- maxillary nerve (sensory only)
- mandibular nerve (sensory and motor)

32
Q

trigeminal sensory and motor route

A

There’s a large sensory route going to where it splits into three divisions
and there’s a small motor route going to the third division

33
Q

what do the different divisions of the trigeminal nerve innervate

A
  • Opthalmic nerve innervates the area above the upper eyelid and the scalp
    ○ Also the bridge of the nose
  • Maxillary division generally innervates the area from the lower eyelid to the upper lip
  • The mandibular division generally innervates the area from the lower eyelid to the upper lip
    Also the area immediately in front of the external ear
34
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve convey somatic fibres to

A
  • muscles of mastication
  • mylohyoid
  • tensor tympani
  • tensor veli palatini
  • anterior belly of digastric
35
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve convey general sensory fibres from

A
  • face
  • oral, orbital and nasal cavities
  • anterior part of the ehad
  • most of the dura mater
36
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve convey proprioceptive fibres from

A
  • muscles of mastication
  • mylohyoid, TVP, etc
  • maxillary teeth
  • mandibular teeth
37
Q

where does trigeminal nerve enter the skull

A
  • superior orbital fissue - first division
  • foramen rotundum - 2nd division
  • foramen ovale - conveys mandibualr division
38
Q

where does the abducens nerve exit the skull through

A

superior orbital fissure

38
Q

abducens nerve - motor

A

the abducens nerve conveys somatic motor fibres to lateral rectus

and proprioceptive fibres from the lateral rectus

39
Q

where does the facial nerve convey somatic motor fibres to

A

muscles of facial expression

40
Q

where does the facial nerve arise from

A

the ventral part of the brainstem between the pons and medulla

41
Q

where does the facial nerve convey parasympathetic fibres to

A
  • lacrimal gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
42
Q

where does the facial nerve convey special sensory fibres from

A
  • anterior 2/3 tongue - gustation (taste)
43
Q

where does the facial nerve convey proprioceptive fibres from

A

muscles of facial expression

44
Q

where does main part of facial nerve exit skull through

A

stylomastoid foramen

45
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve - where does the vestibular division of the nerve convey

A

special sensory fibres from the vestibular system concerning equilibrium

46
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve - where does the cochlear division of the nerve convey

A

special sensory fibres from the cochlea concerning hearing

47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q

where does the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the cranial cavity

A

through the interal acoustic meatus

50
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve convey motor fibres to

A

somatic motor fibres to: - stylopharyngeus

parasympathetic motor fibres to: parotid gland

51
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve convey general sensory fibres from

A

skin of external ear

52
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve convey special sensory fibres from

A

posterior 1/3 tongue - gustation (taste)

53
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve convey visceral sensory fibres from

A
  • pharynx
  • middle ear
  • carotid body and sinus
  • parotid gland
54
Q

where does glossopharyngeal nerve enter/ exit the skull

A

through the jugular foramen

55
Q

where does the vagus nerve convey somatic motor fibres to

A
  • intrinsic muscles of larynx
  • palatine muscles (except tensor veli palatini)
  • pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngess)
  • striated muscles in superior 2/3 oesophagus
56
Q

where does the vagus nerve convey parasympathetic motor fibres to

A
  • smooth muscles of the superior GI tract
  • smooth muscles of trachea
  • smooth muscles of bronchioles
  • cardiac muscle
57
Q

where does the vagus nerve convey general sensory fibres from

A
  • pinna
  • external auditory meatus
  • dura matter of posterior cranial fossa
58
Q

where does the vagus nerve convey special sensory fibres from

A

epiglottis and palate - gustation (taste)

59
Q

where does the vagus nerve convey visceral sensory fibres from

A
  • base of tongue
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • superior GI tract
  • heart
60
Q

where does the vagus nerve enter/ exit the skull through

A

jugular foramen

61
Q

where does spinal accessory nerve convey somativ motor fibres to

A

sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

62
Q

spinal accessory nerve

A

emerges from the lateral surface of superior part of spinal cord
superior to the rootlets of C1 (the first spinal nerve)

63
Q

where does spinal accessory nerve enter and exit the skull through

A

enters at the foramen magnum
exits at the jugular foramen

64
Q

where foes the hypoglossal nerve convey somatic motor fibres to

A

all intrinsic muscles of the tongue
- extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

65
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

emerges from ventral surface of medulla

66
Q

where does hypoglossal nerve exit the skull

A

hypoglossal canal

anatomy of the special sense organs (9 decks)

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