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C8306 Psychobiology > The brain and CNS (1) > Flashcards

The brain and CNS (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific measurement of individual differences.

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

A

The central nervous system is at the head of the nervous system. The CNS coordinates back and forth with the PNS.

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3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic division.
  2. Parasympathetic divison.
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4
Q

Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A
  • The sympathetic division carries signals that put your body’s systems on alert.
  • The parasympathetic division carries signals that relax your body’s systems.
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5
Q

Describe afferent and efferent neurons.

A
  • Afferent neurons carry information to the central nervous system and are the sensory division.
  • Efferent neurons carry information away from the central nervous system and are the motor division.
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6
Q

What does the motor division of the CNS split into? (2)

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system.
  2. Somatic nervous system.
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7
Q

Describe the development of the CNS.

A
  • Happens during the first 3-5 weeks of embryonic development.
  • Begins as a neural tube and as the weeks progress the tube begins to “fold” and the two ends converge together to make one.
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8
Q

List the four primary brain vesicles and what part of the brain they develop into.

A
  1. Prosencephalon – forebrain.
  2. Mesencephalon – midbrain.
  3. Rhombencephalon – hindbrain.
  4. Neural tube – spinal cord.
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9
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

It is an extension of the brain.

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10
Q

What is the spinal cord’s neurons role?

A

They connect with the receptors of the PNS and allow communication between the CNS and the body.

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11
Q

Name and describe the two fibre pathways (roots) in the spinal cord.

A
  1. Dorsal roots – relays sensory information into spinal cord/CNS. Afferent nerves.
  2. Ventral roots – send neurons out of the CNS into the PNS. Efferent nerves.
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12
Q

List the four main areas of the spinal cord.

A
  1. Cervical.
  2. Thoracic.
  3. Lumbar.
  4. Sacral.
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13
Q

Describe the functions of the four main areas of the spinal cord (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral).

A
  1. Cervical - Neck movements, coordination of diaphragm, move shoulders, arms and hands.
  2. Thoracic – Abdominal muscles and trunk movement.
  3. Lumbar – Mainly leg movement.
  4. Sacral – Backside, foot and toes.
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14
Q

What is the difference between damage high up the spinal cord vs. low down on the spinal cord.

A

The higher up the spinal cord you damage, the more significant the impairment.

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15
Q

What are the meninges in the brain? (2)

A
  • The first protective measure developed to look after the brain.
  • A series of blankets and voids which cerebrospinal fluid flows through.
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16
Q

Name and describe the three layers of the meninges.

A
  1. Dura mater is the outermost layer, hence it is thick and tough.
  2. Arachnoid mater is the middle layer, web-like sheet of tissue.
  3. Pia mater is the inner layer, thin with rich blood supply.
17
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? (2)

A
  • The second protective mechanism of the CNS.
  • It is a membrane between the bloodstream and the brain and acts like a junction for the brain.
18
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid? (2)

A
  • A third protective mechanism for the brain.
  • A liquid that flows through pockets within ventricles in the brain and the subarachnoid space in the meninges.
19
Q

Name the two key fuels of the brain.

A
  1. Oxygen.
  2. Glucose.
20
Q

What words are used to describe the front and back of the brain?

A

Front = anterior.
Back = posterior.

21
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The part of the brain that connects the two hemispheres and allows communication between them.

22
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A
  1. Forebrain.
  2. Midbrain.
  3. Hindbrain.
23
Q

Name and describe the three parts of the hindbrain.

A
  1. Pons – relay signals between the hindbrain and the forebrain. Relates to sleep and digestion.
  2. Medulla Oblongata – Respiration and heart rate.
  3. Cerebellum – Coordination of motor movements.
24
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A
  • The upper portions of the midbrain have roles in auditory and visual systems.
  • The middle portions have several roles related to vital processes.
  • Lower sections of the midbrain are connected within our reward and arousal pathways.
25
Q

Describe the limbic system.

A
  • It covers the parts of the brain that are responsible for behavioural and emotional responses.
  • It consists of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the hippocampus.
26
Q

Describe the functions of the limbic system.

A
  • The thalamus acts as a relay station that receives sensory information and sends it on to where it needs to go.
  • The hypothalamus is responsible for the release of hormones that regulate things like body temperature and heart rate.
  • The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning and responses.
  • The hippocampus is key to learning and memory.
27
Q

What are the wrinkles on the cerebral cortex known as and what is their function?

A
  • Gyri.
  • The wrinkles allow for increased surface area and therefore more neurons which means more capacity for processing information.
28
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal lobe.
  2. Parietal lobe.
  3. Temporal lobe.
  4. Occipital lobe.
29
Q

Describe the function of the frontal cortex.

A

The area of the brain that makes us human. It plays the main role in personality, working memory and attention.

30
Q

Describe the temporal cortex.

A

Regions of the temporal cortex process memory and emotional information. It is also involved with some processing of auditory and visual information.

31
Q

Describe the parietal cortex.

A

Associations appear to be made in this region of the brain, often between information such as sights and sounds or sights and touches.

32
Q

Describe the occupital cortex.

A

Key functions include distance and depth perception and object recognition.

C8306 Psychobiology (9 decks)

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