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Musculoskeletal Anatomy > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

0
Q

CNS includes?

A

the brain + the spinal cord

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1
Q

The brain includes?

A

-cerebrum, brainstem & cerebellum

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

-cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from foramen magnum (upper border of atlas) to first or second lumbar vertebrae

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3
Q

What is the narrowing of the cord called?

A

the Conus Medullaris

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4
Q

Spinal nerves continue along what?

A

Cauda Equina

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5
Q

How many enlargements of the spinal cord? What are they?

A
  • 2
  • cervical & lumbar regionals
  • enlarges the motor & sensory nerves that come in & out of the spinal cord to supply the arms & legs respectively
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6
Q

After the apex of the conus medullaris? What is it called & what does it do?

A

from apex of conus medullaris there is a CT filament called the filum terminale that anchors the cord to the first coccygeal segment

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7
Q

What are the 5 parts that make up the spinal cord?

A
  • white matter
  • grey matter
  • central canal
  • dorsal horns
  • ventral horns
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8
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated, outer layer of spinal cord

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9
Q

What is grey matter?

A

unmyelinated, inner H-shaped portion of spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the central canal?

A

filled with CSF, runs longitudinally along length of spinal cord, continuous with ventricular system of brain

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11
Q

What are the dorsal horns?

A

sensory nerve tracts

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12
Q

What are the ventral horns?

A

motor neurons

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13
Q

What does the brainstem include?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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14
Q

What is the medulla oblongata good for?

A

several centers for autonomic function:
-respiration, cardiac center, vasomotor center, reflex centers for vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
part of it forms the fourth ventricle

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15
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

A
  • pyramids (corticospinal tracts)
  • decussation of the pyramids (where motor fibers from L hemisphere cross to the right and vice versa)
  • nuclei for CN IX, X, XI & XII
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16
Q

What is the pons? What does it contain?

A
  • ‘bridge’
  • contains fiber tracts connecting the medulla & cerebellum with upper portions of the brain
  • contains respiratory centers that work with those in the medulla
  • contains nuclei for CN V (motor) VI, VII, part of VIII
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17
Q

What is the midbrain? What does it contain?

A
  • cerebral peduncles
  • substantia nigra
  • corpora quadrigemina
  • nuclei for CN III, IV & V (sensory)
  • cerebral aqueduct passes through midbrain
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18
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

-connecting tracts from pons to cerebellum

19
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

-dopamine producing regions associated with reward, addiction & movment

20
Q

What are the corpora quadrigemina?

A

-the masses that make up the superior & inferior colliculi

21
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • balance/posture, learning of motions, cognitive functions & motor coordination
  • does not initiate motions, but responsible for fine tuning motions
  • damage to the cerebellum will result in lack of coordination in gait, speech, etc.
22
Q

What are the parts of the cerebrum?

A
  • hemispheres (connected by corpus collosum)
  • sulci (valleys) & gyri (hills)
  • lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
23
Q

Cerebral hemispheres include…

A
  • cerebral cortex

- basal ganglia

24
Q

Cerebral cortex is a site for?

A

-site for sensorimotor integration & perceptive qualities of our experiences

25
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

-convolution of cortex

26
Q

What is a sulcus/fissure? What are the 3 fissues/sulci?

A
  • gap between gyri
  • longitudinal fissure: divides brain into L & R halves
  • lateral (sylvian) sulcus: separates temporal from frontal lobes
  • central sulcus: separates frontal from parietal lobes
27
Q

What are the lobes of the brain? What do they do?

A
  • frontal: primary, motor activity, behavior, speech production
  • parietal: primary somatosensory & proprioception; association of somatosensory, vision, audition; formation of egocentric space & sense of self
  • occipital: vision
  • temporal: audition, olfaction, memory
28
Q

What is the homunculus?

A
  • ‘little human’
  • image of the body imprinted on the brain; two types: sensory & motor
  • sensory homunuclus is represented on postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
  • motor homunculus represented on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
29
Q

What sensory information is received in the thalamus? Where is it integrated and relayed to?

A
  • all sensory stimuli, except for olfaction are received here
  • integrated & relayed through thalamocortical radiations to specific cortical areas
30
Q

What does the hypothalamus comprise? What is the chief region for? What does it regulate? What does it produce?

A
  • comprises the wall & floor of the 3rd ventricle
  • chief region for integration of autonomic NS
  • regulates H2O balance, BT & thirst
  • produces antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin
31
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
CN I= olfactory 
CN II= optic 
CN III= oculomotor 
CN IV= trochlear 
CN V= trigeminal 
CN VI= abducens 
CN VII= facial 
CN VIII= vestibulocochlear 
CN IX= glossopharyngeal 
CN X= vagus
CN XI= accessory
CN XII= hypoglossal
32
Q

What is CN I for? How do you test it?

A
  • olfactory n.
  • smell
  • testing done by waving a nonirritating scent under pts nose
33
Q

What is CN II for? How do you test it?

A
  • optic n.
  • sense of sight, transmits retinal images back to the occipital lobe of the brain
  • tested in office w/Snellen chart & fundoscopic examination
34
Q

What is CN III for? What does it innervate? How do you test it?

A
  • occulomotor n.
  • innervates superior, inferior & medial rectus, inferior oblique muscles that control the movements of the eye as well as the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid & the muscles that control pupillary constriction
  • have pt. follow a moving object, look at alignment of the eyes, shine a light in their eyes & look for pupillary constriction
35
Q

What is CN IV for? What does it innervate? How do you test it?

A
  • trochlear n.
  • innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye
  • observe the alignment of the eye & have pt. follow moving object with their eyes
36
Q

What is CN V for? It provides sensory innervation to what and motor innervation to what? How do you test it?

A
  • trigeminal n.
  • provides sensory innervation to most of the face & motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, corneal reflex
  • testing done by lightly touching the face and cornea w/cotton swab & observing bite strength
37
Q

What is CN VI for? What does it innervate? How do you test it?

A
  • abducens n.
  • innervates lateral rectus muscle of eye
  • look at alignment of the eyes, have pt. follow a moving object with their eyes
38
Q

What is CN VII for? What does it innervate? What are the 2 notable branches? How do you test it?

A
  • facial n.
  • motor innervation to muscles of facial expression & parasympathetic motor innervation to lacrimal gland & most of sinuses
  • 2 notable branches: n. to stapedius muscle (innervates stapedius muscle of inner ear) & chorda tympani which provides special sense innervation from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • testing done by observing the ability of the patient to make various facial expressions: cotton swab dipped in flavored substance & place on anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • corneal reflex tests the afferent (sensory) path of CN V, but efferent response is activated by CN VII
39
Q

What is CN VIII? What are the 2 major divisions? How do you test it?

A
  • vestibulocochlear n.
  • splits into 2 major divisions:
  • vestibular n. which determines head position/acceleration information from inner ear
  • cochlear n. processes sensation of sound information from inner ear
  • test by using a tuning fork (Weber & Rinne tests) for cochlear part, to test vestibule part move head & observe eyes for nystagmus
40
Q

What is CN IX? What does CN IX provide innervation to & what kind? How do you test?

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • provides sensory info for carotid bodies/sinus, posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx & middle ear as well as taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • provides motor innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle & parotid gland
  • testing of this nerve usually done by assessing ability to taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue & determining if sensation is intact on arches of palate
41
Q

What is CN X? What does CN X do? What does it provide innervation to? What kind?

A
  • vagus
  • provides efferent parasympathetic innervation to all organs below the neck down to proximal 1/2 of transverse colon (with exception of adrenal glands)
  • provides motor innervation to several muscles important to speech such as muscles of larynx, cricothyroid & pharyngeal constrictors
  • test by asking the to say “Ahhh” and observing the uvula; if both are working the uvula should stay midline; if pt. can speak normally vagus is intact
42
Q

What is CN XI? What does CN XI do? How do you test?

A
  • accessory
  • motor innervation to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles
  • test by asking pt to contract those muscles against resistance
43
Q

What is CN XII? What does CN XII innervate? What kind? How do you test?

A
  • hypoglossal
  • motor innervation to all muscles of tongue except for palatoglossu muscle
  • test by asking pt to stick tongue out straight, if deviates that indicates a dysfnction
44
Q

Most simplistic, what are each of the cranial nerves and what is each responsible for?

A

CN I: olfactory= smell
CN II: optic= sight
CN III: oculomotor= eye movements, pupil constriction
CN IV: trochlear= superior oblique muscle
CN V: trigeminal= sensory to face, motor to muscles of mastication
CN VI: abducens= lateral rectus muscle
CN VII: facial= muscles of facial expression, taste
CN VIII: vestibulococchlear= hearing, balance
CN IX: glossopharyngeal= taste, secremotor to parotid, stylopharyngeus muscle
CN X: vagus= motor to laryngeal/pharyngeal muscles, parasympathetic to everything north of splenic flexure
CN XI: accessory= sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
CN XII: hypoglossal= muscles of tongue

Musculoskeletal Anatomy (9 decks)

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