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The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 division of the nervous system

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What and When is the CNS formed and what is composed of

A

From the embryonic neural tube and composed during the first month of embryonic development.
Neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the protections of this cns

A

The scalp and and skin.
Bone:cranium and vertebral column.
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid.

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4
Q

What does the scalp and skin do in the protection of the cns

A

Protects brain from the outside world
Provides little structural protection

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5
Q

What is the function of the bone, cranium and vertebrae, in the protection of the cns

A

Cranium is a part of the skulll that houses the brain.
Vertebral canal protects the spinal cord.
These bones provides strength rigidity and structure in order to protect their contents.

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6
Q

What does the meninges do in the protection of the cns

A

Three connective layers of connective tissues between the bone and surface of the brain or spinal cord.
1. Dura mater
2.arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

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7
Q

Function of dura mater and where is it located

A

Tough and fibrous.
Provide layer of protection for brain
In the skull it sticks closely to the cranium
In the vertebral canal it is not as close fitting against the vertebral bone

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8
Q

Function of the arachnoid matar

A

Middle layer
Layer under the dura matar
Consist of layer of connective tissue, creating a lose network of fiber.
Hold space beyweeen the dura mater and the pera matar for the cerebrospinal fluid
The space between the fibers, the sub arachnoid space are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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9
Q

Function of Pia mater in the cns

A

Internal layer
Tight adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Contain blood vessel and carry blood to the brain and spinal cord
The only layer to cover the contours of the brain( gyri and fissures

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10
Q

What are the clinical relevance of meningitis

A

Refers to the inflammation of the meninges.
Usually caused by pathogen
Immune response in response to infection causes cerebral oedema( brain swelling):
-Part of the brain can be forced out if cranial cavity
-Reduce the exchange of gases( o2 and co2)
-Both complicattions can rapidly result in death

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11
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid,

A

Occupies space between Pia mater and arachnoid mater,
Circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
Clear watery fluid, containing few cell and glucose, urea and salt

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12
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

1- protection - Acts as a shock absorber
2 support- the brain is suspended inside the cranium and floats in the fluid that surrounds it
3- transport- the cerebrospinal fluid is formed from the blood and circulated around and through the cns before eventually re-entering the blood capillaries
During circulation, it takes neutrons to brain and Sc cells and carries away their waste

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13
Q

What are the functional division of the brain?

A

The forebrain
The mid brain
And hind brain

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14
Q

What structures of the brain does the forebrain consist of?

A

Cerebrum thalamus and hypothalamus

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15
Q

What structures of the brain does the hind brain consist of?

A

The ponds, medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

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16
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A large bundle of Nerve fibres that connect the two hemisphere.

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17
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain.
Outer layer called the cerebral cortex made of grey matter
Below the cortex is the white matter
And deep inside is further grey matter called the basal ganglia

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18
Q

What is the grey matter made out of?

A

Consist of neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axon

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19
Q

What is the white matter made out of?

A

Consist of myelinated axon and fatty nature of Mylein gives the white matter its colour and texture

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20
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Cerebral cortex is folded to increase the surface area and contains 70% of neurons in the central nervous system.
Nearly all the impulses from our sense organs are carried to the cerebral cortex which then has all the relevant information about environment and can initiate response accordingly
It consist of ridges called convolution or Gyri.
Shallow downfall between convolution in the brain are called sulci
Deep down folds between convolution in the brain are called fissure.

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21
Q

What is the largest fissure

A

The longitudinal fissure is the largest fisher which divides the brain into the right and the left hemisphere

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22
Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

The sensory areas- interpret impulses from receptors (perception of sight,hearing, taste,smell ,touch)
Motor areas-Areas control muscular movement (movement and speech )
Association areas: concerned with intellectual and emotional process (awareness,memory etc )

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23
Q

Function of the sensory areas

A

Receive and process nerve impulses from the senses

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24
Q

Motor areas function

A

Send impulses to muscles especially for voluntary movement

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25
What is the function of association area?
Concerned with intellectual and emotional process
26
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum that the fissuresdivide the cerebrum into?
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Insula
27
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Thinking Problem solving Emotions Personality or moral behaviour Language Control of movement
28
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Processing touch Temperature Pain Movement And areas for mathematical and spatial abilities
29
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Processing memories and linking them with senses Facial recognition Receives and process auditory information
30
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Responsible for vision- processes, visual information and sensitive to other parts of the brain. Colour identification
31
What are tracts and the three types of?
The bundle of myelinated axons that the white matter of the cerebrum consists of. The three types of tracts are ; 1-connect cortex areas within the same hemisphere 2-carry impulses between left and right hemisphere 3- connect cortex areas to other parts of the brain and spinal cord
32
What is the corpus callosum?
The corpus callosum joins the two cerebral hemisphere at the base of longitudinal fissure. It consists of large bundles of transverse myelinated fibre. Communication between the left and right hemisphere
33
What is the cerebellum?
Lies under the rear of the cerebrum. Surface is folded into a series of parallel ridges . Outer layer of cerebellum is grey matter and inside is white matter.
34
Main function of cerebellum
Control posture, Balance and Fine coordination of voluntary muscle movement -It receives information from the inner ear for posture and Balance. -Receives information from the muscle stretch receptors about the length of muscles.
35
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
Movement would still occur but would be jerky spasmodic and uncontrolled. Smooth fine movements like writing would not be able to occur
36
Hypothalamus
Lies in the middle of the brain. Predatory gland attached to it inferiorly
37
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls the autonomic nervous system such as the heart rate, blood pressure, digestion ,movement of alimentary canal etc Produces and secrete hormones controls pituitary gland Pattern of waking and sleeping Involved in homeostasis Emotional response such as fear, anger, aggression, pleasure Regulates water hunger and metabolism
38
What is the medulla oblongata?
It is the continuation of the spinal cord Contains the cardiac centre respiratory centre Vasomotor Center And centres controlling reflexes All centres influenced by higher centres of the brain
39
What does the cardiac Centre measure?
Force and rate of heartbeat
40
What does the respiratory centre measure?
The rate and depth of breath
41
What does the vasomotor centre measure?
Diameters of blood vessels
42
What is the spinal cord made up of
The centre of the spinal cord is made up of grey matter surrounded by the white matter. This is the reverse of the brain
43
What is the function of spinal cord
-carry sensory impulses up to the brain -carry motor impulses down from the brain - integrates certain fast, automatic response called reflexes
44
What are the tracts of the spinal cord
Myelinated Axons of the white matter are arranged in bundles known as ascending and descending tract 1- ascending tracts- sensory axons carrying impulses upward towards the brain 2- descending tract- motor axon carrying impulses downward away from the brain.
45
What is the peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system takes message from receptor to the central nervous system and from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
46
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of
It is composed of nerve fibers that carry information to and from the cns. Gaglia- group of nerve cell bodies which lie outside the brain and spinal cord.
47
What are the two types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system.
Cranial nerves and the spinal nerve
48
What is the cranial nerve and how many of them are present
There are 12 pairs of cranial never that connect directly with the brain. The cranial nerve may be motor, sensory or mixed.
49
What is the spinal nerve and how many of them are present
31 pairs of spinal never arise from the spinal cord. - close to the spinal cord the mixed spinal nerve splits into a dorsal branch( root) and a ventral branch. - the dorsal root carries afferent ( sensory) fibers. A swelling on the dorsal branch is the dorsal root ganglion, which contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons. - the ventral branch carries efferent ( motor) fibers.
50
The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system. And what are the two neurons that it can be divided into?
Contains fibres that carry impulses into the central nervous system by sensory neuron’s. The neurons can be divided into: - somatic sensory neuron - bring impulses from the skin and muscle - visceral sensory neuron- bring impulses from the internal organ
51
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system and the subdivision of it.
The efferent or motor division has fibres that carry impulses away from the central nervous system. It is divided into: 1) somatic division- takes impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle 2) autonomic division- carries impulses from the CNS to heart muscle, involuntary muscle and gland
52
The somatic division of the efferent division
-Somatic division carries message to the skeletal muscles. -It is a voluntary process -Functions to respond to external environment There is one nerve fiber from the cns to the effector(muscle) -Neurotransmitter at effector is acetylcholine It used motor neuron
53
The autonomic division of the efferent division
-Autonomic ns controls body’s internal environment -Usually operated involuntarily and is regulated by groups of neurons in parts of the brain ( medulla, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex) -Carries out function such as heart rate, body temperature, digestion, release of energy, pupil diameter, Air flow to lungs, defecation and urination) Uses motor neuron and effectors are smooth muscle and glands.
54
55
What are the effectors of ans, how many neurons travel along the impulse from the cns to the Effector and what is the neurotransmitter at effector.
-Nerve fibers in the ANS make up the spinal nerve and part of the cranial nerves. -Effector- heart muscle, internal organ muscle and gland. -Impulse travel along 2 neurons from cns to effector. -Neurotransmitter at effector are acetylcholine or noradrenaline
56
What are the 2 division under autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
57
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for
-Enables the body to respond to stress ( fight or flight response ) and throws body out of homeostatic balance. - arise with spinal nerves in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal -The neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
58
What leads to vasoconstriction
Sympathetic stimulation causes the smooth muscle surrounding arterioles to contract, resulting in vasoconstriction .
59
In depth, describe what happens in the flight or fight mode
1 - in threatening situations the sympathetic ns becomes dominant. 1) the rate and force of contraction of heart increases, with a consequent increase in blood pressure . 2) blood vessels dilate in organs involved in strenuous activity such as ,skeletal muscle ,heart and liver 3) blood vessels constricts in organs not involved in activity such as kidney ,stomach ,intestine and skin . 4) airways in the lung dialate and the rate and the depth of breathing increases. 5) blood glucose level rise, because the liver converts more glycogen into glucose. 6) secretion from sweat gland increases. 7) the adrenal medulla releases the hormone adrenaline and noradrenaline which intensify and prolong the above response.
60
What is the parasympathetic division responsible for
Is involved in the normal body functioning during relatively quiet conditions and mantains homeostatic balance. Responsible for rest and digest. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
61
What is the effect of alzimers on the brain and symptoms
Effects: Plaques of protien( amyloid) Tangles of protein( tau) Symptoms: memory loss Confusion Mood swings Agression Withdrawal
62
Effect of Parkinson’s disease on the brain and symptoms
Effect 1- generation of nerve cells. Decrease dopamine Symptoms: Shaking Slow movement Muscle stiffness Stooped posture Impaired speech.

Human Biology (5 decks)

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