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Chapter2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical secreted by the endocrine gland that regulates cell functioning

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2
Q

How does the hormone regulate the functioning of the cell

A

The rate of transcription and translate
Change structure or the rate of enzymes
And activate certain gene in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Endocrine gland are ductless gland the directly releases its product or hormones in the bloodstream

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4
Q

What is an exocrine gland

A

Exocrine plans secretes product into a duct that carries the excrement to the surface of another area

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5
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Steroids
Proteins or the Amines

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6
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Hormones that are derived from lipid or cholesterol. They are lipids soluble, which means they do not dissolve in water.

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7
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Glucocorticoids-example cortisol
Mineralocorticoid- eg- aldosterone
Androgens - example testosterone
Oestrogen example or estrone / estradiol
Progestogens - progesterone

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8
Q

What is the mode action for steroids?

A

1-the travel in the blood binding to a transport protein.
2-reach the target cell.
3-they separate from the transport protein.
4-bind with the receptor inside the cytoplasm and form a hormone receptor complex.
5-bind to the promoter section of protein producing controller gene.
6-stimulate transcription and translation.
They are slow to have an effect but are long lasting

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9
Q

What are protein hormones and amine hormones?

A

Protein hormone-hormone consisting of a long chain of amino acids
Amine hormone-hormone composed of amino acids with modified groups

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10
Q

Mode of action for protein or amine hormone

A

1-travel freely in the blood.
2-attach on the surface of a receptor protein on cell membrane.
3- intracellular signalling cascade that occurs
4-proteins on the intercellular side of the target cell are associated with receptors containing the protein that are in close contact with enzymes that convert ATP into CAMP also known as second messenger
5-the second messenger signals a cascade of events that eventually changes the enzymatic event in cell to cause target cell to response

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11
Q

What is an enzyme amplification?

A

Series of chemical reaction in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces even greater number of product molecule at next stop

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12
Q

What is hormone clearance?

A

Is refers to the switching off by breaking down the molecule in the liver or kidneys once hormone has achieved its desired product.
Hormones are excreted and bile or urine

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13
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus secrete hormone that control the pituitary gland

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14
Q

The hypothalamus secrete two factors. What are the factors and where does it travel?

A

Releasing factor-stimulates the secretion of hormones
Inhibiting factor-slows down the secretion of hormone
They travel through the blood vessel into the anterior gland

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15
Q

What is the role of the blood vessels and nerve extension in the pituitary gland?

A

The blood vessels are used to connect the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
The nerve extension connects hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the gland

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16
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

Gland that produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine gland

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17
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary gland not considered a true endocrine gland?

A

Poesterior pitutary gland does not secrete its own hormone. It’s simply stores and releases it.

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is the INFIBIDIUM?

A

A structure that contains a complex network of blood vessels and nerve extension that connects hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

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20
Q

What is the function of anterior pituitary gland?

A

The function of gland slope are regulated by releasing an inhibiting factors produced in the hypothalamus. The factors are secreted in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland by connecting blood vessel networks contained within the infibidium.

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21
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone( gonadotropin)
Luteinising hormone
Growth hormone(somatotropin)
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Prolactin

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22
Q

What is the target organ and the function of luteinising hormone?

A

Target Organ-the ovaries and the testes
Function -ovulation and the maintenance of corpus leutem
-Secretion of testosterone

23
Q

Target Organ and function of follicle stimulating hormone

A

Target organ-ovaries and testes
Function -growth of follicles that contain the eggs in the ovary of females
-Production of sperm in male

24
Q

Target Organ and function of adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Target organ-adrenal cortex
Function -secretion of hormone from adrenal cortex

25
Target Organ and function of thyroid stimulating hormone
Target organ-thyroid gland Function -secretion of hormone from thyroid
26
Target Oregon and function of prolactin
Target organ- mammary glands Function -milk production
27
Target Organ and function of growth hormone
Target-all cells Function -growth, protein synthesis and maintenance of organ size
28
What is the function of the posterior lobe of Pitutarygland
Hormones such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are manufactured in nerve cells in hypothalamus and moved along the nerve extension connecting hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
29
What is the target organ and function of oxytocin
Target Organ-are the uterus and mammary gland Function -contraction of uterus during childbirth Release of milk
30
Target organ and function of anti-diuretic hormone
Target organ-kidney Function -absorption of water
31
What is pineal gland?
It is a type of endocrine gland that gradually decreases after puberty. It’s secretes the melatonin involved in the regulation of sleep pattern
32
What is the thyroid gland
Third gland is another type of endocrine gland that is located in the neck just below the larynx. The follicular cell and thyroid gland secretes two hormones in response to thyroid stimulating hormone : 1- thyroxine(t4) 2-triiodothyronine-(t3) Enzym usually convert t4-t3
33
What is the thyroid gland responsible for?
The thyroxine is responsible for controlling body metabolism; 1-complex molecules are broken down to release energy 2-production of complex molecule from simple ones that consume energy They also regulate the level of calcium and phosphate in the blood through the release of calcitonin by c- cells
34
How does thyroxine control level of calcium and phosphate in blood to the release of calcitonin?
When the concentration of calcium in blood increases the thyroid gland releases calcitonin which reduces the reabsorption of calcium by the kidney and the breakdowns of bone. If concentration of phosphate in blood becomes too high,calcitonin acts to move phosphate into bone and reduces its re-absorption by the kidney
35
What is the parathyroid gland?
The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone which increases calcium level in the blood and phosphate excretion in urine. for example - when there is low level of calcium in the blood, the parathyroid gland release parathormone. In the bones it leads to increased calcium released into the blood . In the Intestine - increased absorption of calcium from digested food In the kidneys -increased calcium revabsorbed into blood from urine Increases the level of calcium in blood Normal level of calcium in the blood is obtained
36
What is thymus?
Thymus is also a type of endocrine gland that shrinks after puberty and secrete thymosins which helps in the maturation of disease fighting cells. T lymphocyte.
37
What is gonads?
There are a type of endocrine gland that secretes androgens oestrogen and progesterone. Androgen( testosterone)-male sex hormone responsible for development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. -Stimulate sperm production Oestrogen -stimulates development of female sex characteristics and regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy change Progesterone -regulates menstrual cycle pregnancy and secretion by mammary glands
38
39
Why is the pancreas known both as an endocrine as well as an exocrine gland?
It is known as an exocrine plant because it releases its digestive enzymes into the small intestine through pancreatic duct whereas the islet of Langerhans secrete hormone
40
In pancreas, what are the two hormones secreted by the islet of Langerhans?
Insulin and glucagon
41
Which cell secretes the insulin and What is the function of the insulin hormone?
The insulin hormone is secreted by beta cells and it reduces the amount of glucose in the blood. -Promotes uptake of glucose from the blood by cell -It promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen and fats in liver. -Promotes formation of glycogen from glucose and skeletal muscles - Promotes glucose to be converted into fats and fat storage cells.
42
Which cell secretes glucagon and what is the function of it?
Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cell and it increases the amount of glucose in blood. -It promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and liver. -promotes breakdown of fat in the liver and fat storage tissues.
43
What are the two adrenal gland?
Adrenal medulla ( inner) and the adrenal cortex(outer)
44
What is the adrenal medulla responsible for?
It creates the hormone adrenaline and adrenaline
45
What is adrenaline also known as epinephrine?
It is a hormone that helps prepare body for reaction to a threatening situation fight or flight response
46
What is noradrenaline or Nori epinephrine?
It is a hormone that is very similar to adrenaline, but it increases the rate and force of heartbeat
47
What are the two main hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone and cortisol
48
What is the function of aldosterone?
On the kidney to reduce amount of sodium and increase the amount of potassium in urine
49
What is the function of cortisol?
Promotes normal metabolism helping the body to withstand stress and repair damage tissues. It also helps in the release of glucose.
50
What is the gonadotropin secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and explained why they classified as gonatroponin?
Follicle stimulating hormone and lutenising hormone are classified as gonadotropin because they regulate the function of gonads (testes in makeand ovaries and female)
51
Compare and contrast the anterior and posterior lobe of the predatory gland
Anterior lobe of the predatory gland produces and releases its own hormone -There are controlled by releasing an inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus whereas The poster lobe of the pituitary gland does not produce its own hormone but stores and releases oxytocin and antic hormone which are made in the hypothalamus They are controlled by the nerve signals from the hypothalamus
52
Explain why the pituitary gland is known as the master gland
Pituitary gland is called the master gland because it secretes hormone that regulate many other endocrine gland such as thyroid adrenal gland and gonad. It controls essential functions like growth, metabolism and reproduction.
53

Human Biology (5 decks)

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