THE BRAIN

Question 1

consists of the brain and the spinal cord and communicates with the rest of the body via the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 1

Central nervous system

Question 2

composed of bundles of axons between the spinal cord and the rest of the body

Answer 2

peripheral nervous system

Question 3

made up of the peripheral nerves that communicate with the skin and muscles

Answer 3

somatic nervous system

Question 4

the vertebrate nervous system forms out of a simple tube with three lumps:
• The forebrain that becomes the cerebral cortex and other higher structures
• The midbrain and the hindbrain become the brainstem
• The forebrain is especially dominant in human beings.

Answer 4

Embryological development

Question 5

The hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other through a thick bundle of axons crossing between them

Answer 5

corpus callosum

Question 6

• The outer covering of the forebrain

* It is made up of the gray matter, the cell bodies of the cortical neurons

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

The interior of the forebrain is made up of w__ m__ or axons of cortical neurons. It is white because of the myelin that coats axons

Answer 7

white matter

Question 8

It is customary to represent the areas of the cerebral cortex as four lobes:

Answer 8

occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

Question 9

the rear of the head, and contains many specialized areas for interpreting visual sensory information

Answer 9

occipital lobe

Question 10

• directly in front of the occipital lobe

* It contains the primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 10

parietal lobe

Question 11

the area of the brain that is specialized for body senses and awareness of the location of body parts

Answer 11

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 12

• located on the sides of the head, near the ears

* They are the main processing areas for hearing and complex aspects of vision

Answer 12

temporal lobes

Question 13

contains important areas for language processing and

comprehension

Answer 13

left temporal lobe

Question 14

Other structures that lie under or near the temporal lobe include the:

Answer 14

hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

Question 15

helps to regulate emotional and motivated behavior

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

an almond-shaped structure that is crucial for emotional processing, is deep inside the temporal lobes

Answer 16

amygdala

Question 17

a vital structure for memory processing

Answer 17

hippocampus

Question 18

• are at the front of the brain
• They contain the primary motor cortex
• The foremost part of it is the prefrontal cortex,

Answer 18

frontal lobes

Question 19

area that is important for control of fine movements

Answer 19

primary motor cortex

Question 20

responsible for organization, planning of action, and aspects of memory

Answer 20

prefrontal cortex

Question 21

This structure regulates levels of arousal in the brain

Answer 21

reticular system

Question 22

• important for coordination and timing

* It is also in charge of tasks that requiring shifting of attention and discrimination between stimuli

Answer 22

cerebellum

Question 23

• These are two important structures in the hindbrain
• They contain the axons that control breathing and heart rate
• They are also in charge of relaying sensory information from the head and sending motor messages back to it

Answer 23

medulla oblongata and the pons

Question 24

• Both reflex and voluntary responses are conducted through it and is usually the origination point of these responses
• communicates with the body below the head by means of sensory and motor neurons

Answer 24

spinal cord

Question 25

a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.

Answer 25

reflex

Question 26

carry information received by the senses from the extremities of the body to the spinal cord

Answer 26

sensory neurons

Question 27

transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Answer 27

motor neurons

Question 28

• A division of the peripheral nervous system that is closely associated with the spinal cord
• The individual has very little control over the responses in this division, thus the name, autonomic

Answer 28

Autonomic nervous system

Question 29

• the crisis management center
• It increases heart and respiration rate and prepares the body for fight or flight
• A chain of neurons lying just outside the spinal cord controls it

Answer 29

sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

• in charge of long-term survival related functions, nutrition, and energy conservation
• It decreases heart rate, increases digestive activities and promotes processes in the body that take place during rest
• It is controlled by neurons at the upper and lower levels of the spinal cord

Answer 30

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 31

• it is under the control of the Nervous System

* a system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream

Answer 31

Endocrine System

Question 32

• are chemicals that affect mood, behavior, and even anatomy

* Some neurotransmitters act as h______s when released into the bloodstream.

Answer 32

hormones

Question 33

epinephrine aka ___ when it is acting as a hormone

Answer 33

adrenalin

Question 34

record electrical and magnetic activity in the brain

Answer 34

Electroencephalogram and Magnetoencephalogram (EEGs and

MEGs)

Question 35

• provides a high-resolution picture of brain activity using radioactivity from chemicals injected into the bloodstream
• provide fascinating information, but are expensive and can be risky to the subject.

Answer 35

Positron Emission Tomography

Question 36

uses magnetic detections outside the head to measure the amounts of hemoglobin and oxygen in different areas of the brain.

Answer 36

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 37

undifferentiated cells growing in some brain areas that are capable of developing into neurons in older organisms.

Answer 37

stem cells

Question 38

We still don’t understand precisely how all the different parts of the brain allow us to have a unified experience of objects and events, since the areas of the brain that help us analyze our experience are often not directly connected to each other.

Answer 38

the binding problem