INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience.

Answer 1

biological psychology

Question 2

This term emphasizes that the goal is to relate biology to issues of psychology.

Answer 2

biological psychology

Question 3

includes much that is relevant to behavior but also includes more detail about anatomy and chemistry.

Answer 3

neuroscience

Question 4

a view of the brain from the top (what anatomists call a d_ _ _ _ l view) and from the bottom (a v_ _ _ _ _l view).

Answer 4

dorsal & ventral

Question 5

convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands, vary enormously in size, shape, and functions.

Answer 5

Neurons

Question 6

generally smaller than neurons, have many functions but do not convey information over great distances.

Answer 6

glia

Question 7

Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs. It deals with the machinery of the body—- for example, the chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity and the routes by which brain activity controls muscle contraction.

Answer 7

Physiological explanation

Question 8

The term ontogenetic comes from Greek roots meaning the origin (or genesis) of being. It describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes,nutrition, experiences, and their interactions. For example, the ability to inhibit impulses develops gradually from infancy through the teenage years, reflecting gradual maturation of the frontal parts of the brain.

Answer 8

Ontogenetic explanation

Question 9

Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. For example, frightened people get “goose bumps”—–erections of the hairs especially on the arms and shoulders.

Answer 9

Evolutionary Explanation

Question 10

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. Within a small, isolated population, a gene can spread by accident through a process called genetic drift. For example, a dominant male with many offspring spreads all his genes, including neutral and harmful ones.

Answer 10

Functional explanation

Question 11

the belief that mind and body are different kinds of substance that exist independently.

Answer 11

dualism

Question 12

the belief that the universe consists of only one kind of substance.

Answer 12

monism

Question 13

The view that everything that exists is material or physical.

Answer 13

materialism

Question 14

The view that only the mind really exists and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it.

Answer 14

mentalism

Question 15

The view that mental processes and certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms.

Answer 15

Identity position

Question 16

• Neuroscientist
• Behavioral neuroscientist
• Cognitive neuroscientist
• Neuropsychologist
• Psychophysiologist
• Neurochemist
• Comparative psychologist
• Evolutionary psychologist

Answer 16

Research field

Question 17

• Clinical psychologist
• Counseling psychologist
• School psychologist

Answer 17

Practitioner fields of Psychology

Question 18

• Neurologist
• Neurosurgeon
• Psychiatrist

Answer 18

Medical field

Question 19

• Physical therapist
• Occupational therapist
• Social worker

Answer 19

Allied medical field

Question 20

is an exciting and challenging question, but we cannot go far with it until we discuss the elements of how the nervous system works.

Answer 20

mind-brain issue

Question 21

units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.

Answer 21

genes

Question 22

(strands of genes), which also come in pairs.

Answer 22

chromosomes

Question 23

a gene has been defined as a portion of a chromosome, which is composed of the double-stranded molecule

Answer 23

DNA deoxyribonucleic

Question 24

A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of _____ molecules. __ is a single-strand
chemical.

Answer 24

ribo nucleic acid (RNA)

Question 25

a biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 25

enzymes

Question 26

an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes is?

Answer 26

homozygous

Question 27

An individual with an unmatched pair of genes is

Answer 27

heterozygous

Question 28

a gene that shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.

Answer 28

dominant gene

Question 29

A gene shows its effects only in the homozygous condition.

Answer 29

recessive gene

Question 30

The genes located on the sex chromosomes are known as

Answer 30

sex-linked genes

Question 31

All other chromosomes are autosomal chromosomes, and their genes are known as

Answer 31

autosomal genes

Question 32

Distinct from sex-linked genes are the _____, which are present in both sexes, generally on autosomal chromosomes, but active mainly in one sex.

Answer 32

sex-limited genes

Question 33

Genes can also influence your behavior indirectly by changing your environment. genes lead you to frequent temper tantrums. Other people–including your parents- react harshly, giving you still further reason to feel hostile. Dickens and Flynn (2001) call this tendency a ___. If genetic or prenatal influences produce even a small increase in some activity, the early tendency will change the environment in a way that magnifies that tendency.

Answer 33

Multiplier effect

Question 34

a change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.

Answer 34

Evolution