The Braiin And The Nervous System Flashcards
The nervous system is made of:
brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
____ provides several survival advantages.
Bilateral symmetry
Precursors of neurons evolved about ____ million years ago.
600
Neuronal circuits first appeared about ___-___ million years ago.
500 – 550
The brain develops from three bulges:
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Medial
Towards the middle
Lateral
Towards the side
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Contralateral
On the opposite side
Distal
Far end of the limb
Proximal
Nearest point of the limb, where it attaches to the body
____ collect information from outside and inside the body.
Sensory neurons
____ carry signals to the muscles to enable movement.
Motor neurons
___ are specialized chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells.
Neurotransmitters
Peripheral nervous system has two parts
- Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system has two parts
- Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
Deals with external world.
Sensory and motor neurons carry information about voluntary movement and conscious awareness
- Somatic Nervous System
- Deals with internal world.
- Sensory and motor neurons guide automatic processes
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic nervous system is divided into two components.
- Sympathetic Branch
- Parasympathetic Branch
Sympathetic Branch
- Gets the body ready to react to threats.
- Increases heart and respiration rates and increases blood pressure.
Parasympathetic Branch
- Calms the body down.
- Slows heart and respiration rate and increased digestion.
The spine is divided into four segments
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Each peripheral nerve relates to a particular part of the body, known as a ____.
dermatome
The spinal cord is divided into ____ & _____
gray matter and white matter.
gray matter
contains the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons and is found near the center of the cord.
The white matter
contains the electrically-insulated long distance connections between neurons
The dorsal root ganglia
house the cell bodies for the peripheral sensory neurons
Interneurons
are neurons that are between the sensory input and the motor output.
Interneurons can be excitatory or inhibitory.
Central pattern generators
functional units of cells that guide these rhythmic actions.
excitatory neuron
fires spontaneously, until becoming fatigued and stopped by an inhibitory interneuron. After a recovery time, the excitatory neuron resumes firing.
Inhibitory interneurons
Cross the midline to inhibit the central pattern generator on the contralateral side, to allow for rhythmic muscle contractions
The hindbrain is formed by the.
medulla oblongata and the pons
The medulla controls ___
Involuntary functions that are important for life, such as breathing and heart rate.
The pons relays ___
information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
Cells within the pons are important for ____.
sleep, arousal, and sensory functions
superior colliculus
locates visual stimuli to help coordinate complex movements
inferior colliculus
locates auditory stimuli.
Periaqueductal gray matter
influences complex behaviors such as defense, aggression, or reproduction.
Reticular formation
regulates consciousness.
Locus coeruleus
alerts the brain.
______ pairs of cranial nerves transmit sensory and motor information between the brain and face
Twelve
Substantia nigra
influences motor control and cognition.
Little brain
Cerebellum
The cerebellum contains ____ ____ than does the cortex.
more neurons
Homeostasis is
the process of maintaining the body within a narrow range of physiological parameters, such as temperature, thirst, hunger, etc.
More than ____ thalamic nuclei serve sensory, motor, motivational, and associational functions through reciprocal connections with the cortex.
50
Frontal Lobe
Important for motor control and planning.
Parietal Lobe
Important for processing somatosensory information.
Occipital Lobe
Processes visual information.
Temporal Lobe
Processes auditory information.
