MIDTERMS Flashcards
The ______ contains more neurons than the cortex
Cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum interferes with coordinated movement to
External Targets
Cerebellum is also important in
language,
attention,
memory,
emotion
The _____ relays sensory signals to the brain and motor signals to the body
Thalamus
More than ______ thalamic nuclei serve sensory, motor, motivational, and association functions through reciprocal connections with the cortex
50
Hypothalamus is important for?
Homeostasis
The superior colliculus locates visual stimuli to help coordinate complex movements
Midbrain
What is an excitatory neuron that fires spontaneously until becoming fatigue and stopped an inhibitory interneuron
Central Pattern Generators
_______ of cranial nerves transmit sensory and motor information between the brain and the face
Twelve Pairs
What is the process of maintaining the body within a narrow range of physiological parameters, such as temperature , thirst, hunger, etc.,,,
Homeostasis
The spinal cord is divided into and ____ matter
Gray and White
The _____ are neurons that are between the sensory input and the motor circuit
Interneurons
The ______ controls involuntary functions that are important for life such as breathing and heart rate
Medulla
The relays information between the cerebrum and cerebellum
Pons
In a reflex arc, what neuron connects with a motor neuron, allowing the sensory stimulation to target a movement
Sensory Neuron
Where is the prosencephalon located?
Forebrain
Where is the mesencephalon located?
midbrain
Sensory___ and Motor______are separated close to the spinal cord
Input, Output
Getting oriented in the brain: where is the medial located
Towards the Middle
There are specialized terms for directions within the nervous system, which of the following is right?
rostral-caudal: nude-tail axis
Which of the following is the function of Astrocytes
Astrocytes regulate extracellular chemicals and regulate local blood flow
In releasing the neurotransmitters at the synapse, how much space is there between the cell at the synaptic cleft?
20-30 nm
These are specialized chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells
Neurotransmitters
This plane is used to describe a vertical slice, separating the front from the back of the brain
Frontal
The spine is divided into _____ segments
4
This autonomic nervous system component gets the body ready to react to threats
Sympathetic Branch
It contains the nucleus and integrates information
Soma
It conduct neural signal across along distance
Axon
Classified by the it is a type of neuron that carries information from the brain to the muscles
Motor Neuron
Classified by shape, it is a type of neuron that has one dendrite and one axon
Bipolar Neuron
Classified by function it is a type of neuron that conveys signal around the nervous system
Interneurons
Classified by shape, it is a type of neuron that have only one projection from the soma which branches to form the axon and the dendrites
Monopolar Neuron
It regulates extra cellular chemicals and regulate local blood flow
Astrocytes
It is found in the central nervous system that wrap myelin around axon that speed up signals
Oligodendrocytes
It provides immune system function for the central nervous system
Microglia
These are small gaps in the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Cholecystokinin, Somatostatin, neuropeptide
Peptide Neurotransmitters
Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Amino Acids
It allows ions to flow across the membrane changing the charge of the cell membrane
ionotropic receptors
It relays information into the cell using a series of proteins
metabotropic receptors
These are opened-or-gated allowing ions to move through a passage in the membrane
ionotropic receptors
These are receptors that relay signals to proteins inside the cell
metabotropic receptors
What is the thin outer covering of the brain that is necessary for human cognition
Cortex
What is the rounded convolutions of the cortex called
Gyri
______ processes visual information
Occipital Lobe
It is important for initiating and maintaining activity in the cortex particular in motor areas
Basal Ganglia
Which lobe is important for motor control and planning
Frontal Lobe
What part in the limbic system is important for emotional evaluation and learning
Amygdala
Which part of the cerebral cortex processes auditory information
Temporal Lobe
It combines sensory inputs from external and internal environments to help control the internal environment
Limbic System
What part of the limbic system is important for learning and memory
Hippocampus
What makes up the telencephalon
Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia
system that provides information about the body senses, including touch, movement, pain, and temperature.
Somatosensory System
sensory system that provides information about the position and movement of the head
Vestibular System
structure in the inner ear vestibular system that provides information about the angle of the head relative to the ground and about linear acceleration.
Otolith Organ
one of three looping chambers found in inner ear that provide information regarding the rotation of the head
Semicircular Canal
one of structures of otolith organs.
Saccule, Utricle
force perceived when our rate of movement changes.
Linear Acceleration
stone made of calcium carbonate that is attached to the hair cells in the otolith organs
Otolith
nucleus of the thalamus that receives information regarding pain, touch, and the position and movement of the head
Ventral Posterior
cortex located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
layer of skin lying below the outermost epidermis.
Dermis
hairless skin
Glabrous Skin
outermost layer of the skin
Epidermis
layer of tissue lying below the dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue
skin receptor that senses touch, pressure, or vibration
Mechanoreceptor
mechanoreceptor in which the axon fibers are surrounded by a fluid-filled capsule formed of connective tissue.
Encapsulated Receptor
encapsulated, fast adapting mechanoreceptor with small receptive field (responds primarily to pressure.)
Meissner’s Corpuscle
encapsulated, rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor with large receptive field ( about pressure and vibration.)
Pacinian Corpuscle
nonencapsulated, slow adapting mechanoreceptor with small receptive field (y about pressure)
Merkel’s Disk
nonencapsulated, slow adapting mechanoreceptor with large receptive field (about stretch)
Ruffini’s Ending
myelinated fiber that carries information about cold and sharp pain to the central nervous system.
Aδ (alpha-delta) Fiber:
small, unmyelinated fiber that carries information about temperature, itch, and dull, aching pain to the central nervous system.
C Fiber
area of the skin surface served by the dorsal roots of one spinal segment.
Dermatome
spinal pathway that carries information about touch and position to the medulla
Dorsal Column
pathway originating in the dorsal column nuclei and synapsing in the ventral posterior
Medial Lemniscus
nerve that carries Sensation from mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors, and pain receptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue, & the dura mater of the brain
Trigeminal Nerve
areas in the parietal lobe adjacent to primary somatosensory cortex that process a wide variety of complex somatosensory inputs.
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
nerve ending in the skin that responds to surface temperature
Thermoreceptor
nerve ending in the skin that responds to heat
Warm Fiber
nerve ending in the skin that responds to cold
Cold Fiber
nerve ending that responds to painful stimuli.
Nociceptor
group of cells in the outer gray matter of the dorsal horn that receive synapses from pain fibers.
Substantia Gelatinosa
neurotransmitter substance associated with the sense of pain that also serves as a stimulus at some nociceptors.
Substance P
“fibers” that carry pain and temperature information from the substantia gelatinosa to the thalamus
Spinothalamic Pathway
nucleus in the “brainstem” that receives pain and temperature information from the head and neck.
Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
pathway carrying pain and temperature information from the spinal “trigeminal” nucleus to the thalamus
Trigeminal Lemniscus
one of many “nuclei” in the thalamus that receive some pain and temperature input.
Intralaminar Nucleus
the sense of smell
Olfaction
layer in the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptors.
Olfactory Epithelium
structures found within the olfactory bulbs
Glomeruli
fiber pathway connecting the olfactory bulbs to the olfactory cortex
Olfactory Tract
cortex in the frontal lobe that responds to the sense of smell
Olfactory Cortex
one of the five basic taste groups, characteristic of tastes found in seaweed and other “meaty or savory” elements of Asian cuisine
Umami
nucleus of the thalamus that receives information regarding taste
Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus
bumps on the tongue containing taste buds and taste receptors
Papillae
small fibers extending from taste receptors
Microvilli
