FINALS

Question 1

multiple stages of nervous system.

Answer 1

early embryonic stages
childhood
adolescence
adulthood.

Question 2

Stages of neural development

Answer 2

Neuron growth
Migration
Death
Adult neurogenesis

Question 3

—the brain’s ability to reorganize in response to intrinsic or extrinsic experiences

Answer 3

neuroplasticity

Question 4

What stages of development of nervous system is wherein the embryo is initially formed through fertilization, which occurs when a sperm cell and an egg cell unite into a single cell.

Answer 4

Embryonic stage

Question 5

This fertilized egg cell, or zygote, starts dividing through the process of ____ to generate the cells that make up an entire organism.

Answer 5

mitosis

Question 6

____ after fertilization, the developing embryo’s cells belong to one of three layers that form into the different tissues in the body (Betts et al., 2022).

Answer 6

Sixteen days

Question 7

The ____, or inner tissue, is responsible for generating the lining tissues of various spaces within the body, such as the mucosae of the digestive and respiratory systems.

Answer 7

endoderm

Question 8

The ___, or middle tissue, gives rise to most of the muscle and connective tissues.

Answer 8

mesoderm

Question 9

the _____, or outer tissue, develops into the body’s outer layer of skin, hair, nails, as well as the nervous system.

Answer 9

ectoderm

Question 10

As the embryo develops, a portion of the ___ differentiates into a specialized region of _____, which is the precursor for the tissue of the nervous system (Betts et al., 2022).

Answer 10

ectoderm
neuroectoderm

Question 11

Cells in this region form a neural plate that begins to fold inward to form a neural groove that is lined on each side by a neural fold.

Answer 11

Neural Tube

Question 12

As the anterior end of the neural tube starts to develop into the brain, it generates

three primary vesicles:

Answer 12

the forebrain (prosencephalon),
the midbrain (mesencephalon), and
the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) (Betts et al., 2022).

Question 13

By _____ the three primary vesicles differentiate further into five secondary vesicles (Betts et al., 2022) (Figure 2).

Answer 13

week 5,

Question 14

The forebrain enlarges into two new vesicles called the

Answer 14

telencephalon
diencephalon.

Question 15

The telencephalon will become the cerebrum—the largest part of the adult brain which contains the lobes of the

Answer 15

cerebral cortex
hippocampus
basal ganglia.

Question 16

diencephalon will give rise to several structures including the _____ and ______

Answer 16

thalamus
hypothalamus

Question 17

A third secondary vesicle, the mesencephalon or midbrain, is composed of

Answer 17

tectum,
the cerebral aqueduct,
the tegmentum
cerebral peduncles.

Question 18

The hindbrain develops into the final secondary vesicles, the ____ and _____

Answer 18

metencephalon
myelencephalon

Question 19

metencephalon gives rise to the ___ and .____

Answer 19

pons
cerebellum

Question 20

the myelencephalon gives rise to the adult structure known as the _____

Answer 20

medulla oblongata

Question 21

Stages of Neural Development

Answer 21

• The brain is made up of neurons and glial cells.
• Neurons, also called nerve cells, are electrically excitable cells that transmit signals called action potentials to other neurons and are considered the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system (Ludwig et al., 2022).

-Glial cells, or neuroglia or simply glia, are the other type of cells found in the nervous system.

considered supporting cells, and help neurons complete their function for communication.

Question 22

There are six main types of glial cells.

Answer 22

4 of them are found in the CNS and
2 are found in the PNS

Question 23

Types of neuroglia

Answer 23

Central nervous system
- ependymal cells
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia

Peripheral nervous system
- Satellite cells
- Schwann cells

Question 24

____ neurons are generated every hour during this early developmental period (Silbereis et al., 2016).

Answer 24

4.6 million

Question 25

, the cells being formed are neural stem cells.

Answer 25

neural proliferation

Question 26

two basic types of stem cells,

Answer 26

pluripotent
totipotent cells.

Question 27

can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body,

Answer 27

Pluripotent cells

Question 28

are more limited than pluripotent cells.

Answer 28

multipotent cells

Question 29

refers to the process by which neurons travel from their original location to a new target location.

Answer 29

Neuronal migration

Question 30

migration can be classified into two modes:

Answer 30

1) radial migration,
2) tangential migration.

Question 31

occurs when neurons are guided by radial glial cells to migrate toward the surface of the brain following the radial pattern of the neural tube and ultimately establish the layered organization of the neocortex (Marin et al., 2003; Wong, 2002).

Answer 31

Radial migration,

Question 32

second mode of neuronal movement,

Answer 32

tangential migration

Question 33

Occurs when neurons move to the surface of the central nervous system (or orthogonal to the direction of radial migration).

Answer 33

tangential migration

Question 34

Mechanisms of migration

Answer 34

Somal translocation
Glial-medicated migration

Question 35

involves an extension that reaches out from the soma of the immature neuron to lead it on its journey to its target location.

Answer 35

somal translocation

Question 36

involves the immature neuron “hopping onto” an extended glial cell.

Answer 36

glial-mediated migration.

Question 37

By the end of migration, neurons are aligned in such a manner that enables them to acquire specific functions, interact with other neurons, and eventually give rise to neural circuits that make up the human nervous system; a process known as _________.

Answer 37

aggregation

Question 38

_____ is thought to be supported by cell-adhesion molecules, which are located on the surfaces of cells. Cell-adhesion molecules are able to recognize identical or different cell types and subsequently adhere to molecules on other cells (Jaffe et al., 1990; Takeichi, 1988).

Answer 38

Aggregation

Question 39

____ are clusters of communication channels between neighboring cells that link the cytoplasm of two cells and facilitate the exchange of ions and metabolites such as glucose, which subsequently promotes biochemical coupling between the two cells (Mese et al., 2007).

Answer 39

Gap junctions

Question 40

which refers to the elimination of neurons in the nervous system, occurs extensively during development and is actually helpful for supporting brain development.

Answer 40

Neuronal cell death,

Question 41

Neuron death is typically categorized as either

Answer 41

apoptosis or necrosis.

Question 42

___ refers to active, programmed cell death to maintain appropriate development,

Answer 42

Apoptosis

Question 43

refers to passive, accidental cell death resulting from environmental perturbations, such as trauma, toxins, or oxygen depletion

Answer 43

Necrosis

Question 44

excessive necrosis can have detrimental consequences and is known to be associated with pathologies such as

Answer 44

-Alzheimer’s disease
- Parkinson’s disease and
-Stroke

Question 45

The brain’s ability to reorganize or “rewire” its connections in response to intrinsic or extrinsic experiences is called _____.

Answer 45

neuroplasticity

Question 46

Our understanding of the rules that govern the networking of neurons goes back to the groundbreaking work by

Answer 46

Donald Hebb over 70 years ago.

Question 47

“Neurons that fire together, wire together.”

Answer 47

Donal Hebb