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Biology B4 > The Big Quiz On Plants! > Flashcards

The Big Quiz On Plants! Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In chloroplasts

Contains pigments and chlorophyll that absorbs light energy

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2
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis ?

A

The opposite of respiration (aerobic respiration)

             6CO2 + 6H2O

(Light energy) -> (chlorophyll)

          C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
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3
Q

What does light energy do in photosynthesis?

A

Split water into oxygen and hydrogen ions

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4
Q

What are the 5 ways plants use their glucose?

A
  1. Respiration
    - used in respiration to release energy
    - energy to convert rest of glucose into other useful substances
  2. Cell walls
    - glucose turned into cellulose to make cell walls
    - (especially of rapidly growing plants)
  3. Stored in seeds
    - glucose turned into lipids (fats and oil)
    - then stored in seeds
  4. Stored as starch
    - glucose turned into starch
    - starch stored in roots, stem and leaves
    - used when photosynthesis doesn’t occur (at night)
    - insoluble (can’t dissolve in water, doesn’t affect water concentration as it isn’t absorbing water)
  5. Make proteins
    - glucose mix with nitrate
    - makes amino acids to make proteins
    - used for growth and repair
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5
Q

What did Joseph Priestley prove?

A

Plants produce oxygen

1770s

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6
Q

How do plants gain mass?

A

By water

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7
Q

What happens if lit candle is put in a container ?

A

The fire would go out

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8
Q

What happens if a lit candle is in a container with a plant?

A

The fire would go out but re lit after a few weeks, due to the oxygen.

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9
Q

Where does the oxygen come from?

A

The water from photosynthesis

Plants photosynthesis

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10
Q

How can light slow down the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

Light provide energy for photosynthesis

Light level rising = Rate of photosynthesis increasing

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11
Q

How can carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 is needed for photosynthesis (plants use it)

More CO2 = higher rate of photosynthesis

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12
Q

How can temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis works best in a warm temperature

Warmer temperature = greater rate of photosynthesis

If temp. is too high, enzymes of plant will denature

And photosynthesis will stop

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13
Q

Where is the vascular bundle found in a leaf?

A

It is right under the chloroplast

It is part of the spongy mesophyll layer

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14
Q

Leaves are thin, is this an advantage for photosynthesis ?

A

Yes

Carbon dioxide and water vapour diffuse faster as it is a shorter distance to reach the photosynthesising cells

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15
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Found in lower surface of leaves

Little holes to let gases In and out of leave

(Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapour)

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16
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Surround each stomata

Controls when the stomata closes and opens

Allows it to control gas exchange

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17
Q

Why do leaves have air space in the spongy mesophyll layer?

A

Allows gases (CO2, O2) to move between stomata and photosynthesising cells.

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18
Q

What does “Big internal surface area to volume ratio” mean for a leaf?

A

That there is a LARGE SURFACE AREA for gas exchange in the leaf

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19
Q

What causes leaves to absorb light ?

A

The chloroplast which contains chlorophyll and photosynthetic pigments

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20
Q

Are all the photosynthetic pigments found in the chloroplast the same? Why?

A

No

Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light

Plants can absorb most sun light energy and not let any go to waste

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of pigments found in chloroplast?

A
  1. Chlorophyll A
    - absorb wavelength 400-450nm and 650-700nm
  2. Chlorophyll B
    - absorb wavelength 450-500nm and 600-650nm

(The pattern is that they go up by 50)

  1. Carotene
    - absorb wavelength
    400-550nm
  2. Xanthophyll
    - absorb wavelength 400-530 nm
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22
Q

Which cells are found in the palisade layer? (Near the top of leaf)

A

Cells that contain the most chloroplast

Can get most of the sunlight

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23
Q

How can light reach the palisade layer?

A

Above the palisade layer is the upper epidermis

Upper epidermis is TRANSPARENT

Light can go through it and reach the palisade layer

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular bundles?

A

Xylem and phloem

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25
Q

What do the vascular bundles do? (3 jobs)

A

Deliver water and nutrient to every part of leaf

Take away glucose produced by photosynthesis

Help to support leaf structure

26
Q

What does turgid stand for ?

A

Plant cells being swollen due to osmosis

27
Q

What does flaccid stand for in a plant cell?

A

When plant cell loses water and lose their turgor pressure

28
Q

What do phloem tubes (vascular bundle) transport?

A

Food substance
(Mainly sugar)

Food substance can go either way in the tube (up and down)

29
Q

What are phloem tubes?

A

Vascular bundle

Made of columns of living cells with perforated (pieces holes) end-plates

End-plate that have holes allow stuff to flow through

30
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of food substances around plant

By the phloem tube

31
Q

What do xylem vessels do?

A

Take water and minerals from root and UP the shoot

From shoot to leaves in the TRANSPIRATION STREAM

32
Q

What are xylem vessels made of?

A

Dead cells joined

No end walls between dead cells

Have a lumen (hole in the middle)

Thick side walls made of cellulose

(Strong and stiff which supports plant)

33
Q

What is root cross-section in a vascular bundle?

A

Root have to resist crushing as they push down through the soil

Xylem is found in centre to give root strength

Phloem around the xylem

Vascular bundle surround them

34
Q

What is stem cross-section in a vascular bundle?

A

Stems need to resist bending

Phloem is around the outside of stem

Xylem in the middle of stem

35
Q

What is a leaf cross-section in a vascular bundle?

A

Leaves need support

Xylem and phloem make up a vein that supports the leaf

36
Q

How do plants take in water and by what?

A

Root hair in plants (long hairs that stick out in soil) take in water by osmosis

37
Q

How do root hair take in water?

A

By osmosis

Millions of microscopic hair in root will stick out in soil

Therefore, big surface area for absorbing water

38
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant

39
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

Evaporation and diffusion of water vapour from inside the leaf

40
Q

How can transpiration benefit the plant?

A

Transpiration (water leaving the plant) means there is a higher concentration of water in soil that in plant

This will draw in MORE water inside root

Therefore constant transpiration stream of water through plant

41
Q

What are the advantages of transpiration in a plant ? Name 4.

A
  1. Keeps plant cool
    - there’s a constant stream of water from the ground
  2. Provides plant with constant supply of water for photosynthesis
  3. Water creates turgor pressure, helps support the plant and stop it being flaccid
  4. Minerals needed can be brought up from soil constantly along with the water
42
Q

How can the rate of transpiration be increased by an increase in light intensity?

A

Brighter light = greater transpiration rate

!!remember that transpiration is plant LOSING water!!

Stomata closes when it gets dark and photosynthesis doesn’t happen when it gets dark

Therefore CO2 isn’t let in, and water can’t escape.

Too much water in plant so it will diffuse

43
Q

How can an increase in temperature increase the rate of transpiration ?

A

Warmer temperature = faster transpiration

Warmer water particles have more energy

Evaporate and diffuse faster out of the stomata

44
Q

How can an increase in air movement increase the rate of transpiration ?

A

More wind = more transpiration

If water is still on surface of leaf , there’s an isotonic solution (inside and outside of leave has same water concentration)

By wind, water is swept away across the leaf (low concentration of water particles on leaf)

Leaf has more water

Water will come out of leaf by diffusion

45
Q

How would a decrease in air humidity increase the rate of respiration?

A

The dryer the air = the faster the transpiration

Humid air contains water

Not much difference (isotonic solution) of water concentration inside and outside of cell

The dry air means less water outside the leaf and more water inside the leaf.

Leaf will diffuse its water outside - transpiration

46
Q

What is above the upper epidermis in a plant?

A

The waxy cuticle which is waterproof

47
Q

Where are stomata mostly found and why?

A

In the lower epidermis (underneath the leaf)

As it is cooler and darker

Helps control diffusion and transpiration

48
Q

What happens if a leaf has a large and many stomata?

A

Plant will lose a lot of water compared to other plants with fewer stomata

49
Q

Plants in hot climates have few stomata, explain why?

A

They need to save water, therefore have small and less stomata

No stomata at the surface of leaf (upper epidermis)

Just under

50
Q

When does a stoma close?

A

When it had become turgid (a lot of water into the cell)

Blocks the gap in the middle, letting no substances in or out

51
Q

When does a stoma open?

A

When it has become flaccid (less water in cell)

Leaves a gap in the middle, letting substances in and out

52
Q

What causes the stomata to go flaccid or turgid?

A

The guard cell

It has a special kidney shape which opens and closes when turgid or flaccid

53
Q

If a stomata open, what happens?

A

Gases are let in and out for photosynthesis

Open during the days

54
Q

What happens to a stoma at night ?

A

The stoma closes

Allows conservation of water

55
Q

What are the 4 main minerals plants need?

A

Nitrate-
Contain nitrogen to make amino acids (make proteins)

Needed for cell growth

Phosphate-
Contain phosphorus to make DNA and cell membrane

Needed for respiration and growth

Potassium-
Help the enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration

Magnesium -
Making chlorophyll (for photosynthesis)
56
Q

What happens if a plant doesn’t have their 4 main minerals?

A

Nitrate -
Growth will be poor
Will have yellow older leaves

Phosphate-
Poor root growth
Discoloured older leaves

Potassium-
Poor flower and fruit growth
Discoloured leaves

Magnesium -
Have yellow leaves

57
Q

Where can potassium, nitrate, magnesium and phosphate be found for a plant ?

A

In the soil

58
Q

How do plants take in minerals from the soil?

A

From the root hairs by active transport

59
Q

Why can’t root hair take in minerals from soil by diffusion?

A

Root hair usually have a higher concentration of minerals that the soil

If it was diffusion, root hair would diffuse minerals to soil - as they have a higher concentration

Therefore root hair get their minerals from soil by active transport

60
Q

What is active transport ?

For root hair to get their minerals from soil.

A

Active transport uses energy from respiration

Helps plant pull minerals into root, bearing diffusion

Biology B4 (5 decks)

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