The Beginnings Of Change: Dealing With Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Why were catholic monasteries closed down in 1536 and how did this affect hospitals?

A

In 1535 King Henry 8th turned England from a catholic to a Protestant country, he seized all the wealth of the catholic monasteries and closed them down.
The monasteries could no longer fund the hospitals so the king gave money to set up hospitals, such as St Bartholomew’s and St Thomas’.

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2
Q

Give a brief description of the key changes and developments of medicine and hospitals during the medieval era:

A
  • in the early and mid medieval period they learned from Galen’s textbook and students saw dissections but did not practice them or have any practical experience.
  • During 18th century learning was still theoretical and dissections we’re only allowed on a small number of criminals.
  • medical training improved after 1815 but doctors still couldn’t do much to cure and treat diseases.
  • doctors could set up practises once accepted in to the royal college of surgeons, Royal college of physicians or the society of Apothecaries.
  • these societies allowed students to practise examinations and gain experience.
  • in 1888 the general medicine act said doctors had to be registered in order to practise doctoring and treat people.
  • Important medical schools developed in London, Edinburgh and Oxford. Once attended doctors could then apply to hospitals and be supervised.
  • doctors started to split up into more distinct groups, who specialised in different areas.
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3
Q

What were the effects of Henry 8ths actions of Medieval hospitals?

A
  • medieval hospitals were small and run by Christian church’s.
  • they were places were people could be cared for not cured.
  • funded by rich men, donating money to the church.
  • However, King Henry 8th turned England Protestant in the 1530’s.
  • When he changed the religion to Protestantism, he seized the wealth of catholic monasteries and closed them all down. He gave this money to the hospitals.
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4
Q

What were the types of hospitals in the the 18th century?

A
  • there were both the general and specialist hospitals
  • St Luke’s hospital in London became the 2nd largest hospital after Bethlem to cure mentally ill people.
  • London’s Lock hospital for venereal diseases STIs opened in 1746.
  • there were also maternal hospitals.
  • wards were set aside Middleset hospital for pregnant women in 1747 and the British hospital for mothers and babies was set in 1749.
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5
Q

What caused high child mortality rates?

A
  • this was major social issue in the early 18th century.
  • in the 1720s and 30s there were severe epidemics like typhus and influenza and so the death rate among children was alarming.
  • there were poor provisions for babies and children to be given medical treatment.
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6
Q

Who was Thomas Coram and what did he do?

A

He founded the hospital for abandoned children in 1741 ‘The Founding Hospital’ which cared for children, clothing them, feeding and educating them till they were 15.

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7
Q

What experienced during the hospital boom?

A
  • Between 1720-50 5 new general hospitals were added to London and 9 more throughout the country.
  • By 1800 20,000 patients were handled a year compared to 470 in 1400.
  • there was a religious motive behind the ‘boom’. Christians began stressing the importance of showing their faith - they needed to do good deeds to the community to go to heaven.
  • attitude to diseases were changing. People began abandoning the idea disease was a punishment for sin. A more scientific, evidence based view was developed.
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8
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

She is referred to as the founder of modern nursing. She was born in 1820 in Italy, Florence and worked during the Crimean war to care for soldiers, she trained in Germany and returned home after the war.

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9
Q

How did Florence Nightingale reduce mortality rates?

A

By cleaning wards, washing sheets and keeping the ward hygienic she reduced mortality rates from 40% to 2% as this limited the amount of infections the soldiers could catch as this is how most of the wounded were dying, which they were unaware of.

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10
Q

Why was Florence Nightingale significant? Give examples of factors that improved medicine and general medical knowledge?

A
  • She wrote a book ‘Notes on Nursing’ explaining her ideas on how nurses should be trained and how they should treat their sick.
  • She set up Britain first nurse training school as St Thomas’ Hospital. She raised £44,000 herself in order for this to happen.
  • she aimed to make nursing an honourable profession as it was looked down on at the time.
  • ‘Notes on Hospitals’ followed in 1863 setting out her principles for running clean, safe and well ventilated hospitals.
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11
Q

What similarities do Vesalius, William Harvey and John Hunter share?

A
  • used close observation and scientific methods to gain a better understanding of the human body and how it works.
  • found faults in Galen’s methods and theories and faced opposition for going against his ideas and the 4 Humours and this was the view held by the Christin church, which was very influential.
  • built up knowledge through dissection and wrote scientific books with detailed illustrations in order to help further understanding for doctors. Dissected on both humans and animals.
  • inspired next generation of surgeons, who believed in their findings but their theories and discovered took a long time to be accepted.
  • all proved Galen wrong, taught the younger generations and wrote books that became used as textbooks for students studying in university.

Harvey and Hunter both came up south new theories about blood.

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12
Q

Who was John Hunter?

A
  • Born in 1728.
  • Joined his elder brother William in London at age 20.
  • He worked at his brothers anatomy school as an assistant learning and carrying out experiments.
  • He preformed dissections and robed graves to supply the anatomy school with bodies to dissect on. -grave snatcher.
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13
Q

What was a body snatcher?

A

These were people who would dig up graves of people who had recently died they would then sell them to anatomy school in order for them to carry out dissections on them to teach their students. Sometimes people from schools/universities would do this themselves, such as John Hunter in order to provide bodies to his brothers anatomy school.

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14
Q

What were John Hunters scientific methods?

A
  • he promoted observation and use of scientific methods in surgeries. In 1767 he even went as far as experimenting on himself.
  • he injected himself with pus from a gonorrhoea patient to see wether it was the same STI as syphilis. Unfortunately the patient he had caught it from also had syphilis. Took him 3 years to recover using mercury treatment.
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15
Q

Give an example of one of Hunters cases which he used his scientific methods on:

A

In 1785 a man was emitted to St George’s hospital with a throbbing lump (aneurysm) on his knee joint. Usually they would amputate the leg above the tumour. However, Hunter thought if the blood supply was restricted above the aneurysm, it would encourage new blood vessels to develop and widen to allow more blood flow and bypass the damage area. He had tested this theory first in animals. He prepped this on the man and saved his leg. The man recovered after 6 weeks and could walk again.

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16
Q

How did Hunters specimens contribute to medical knowledge?

A
  • Hunter collected a huge selection of anatomical specimens. In his collection he preserved 3000 stuffed or dried animals, plants and fossils, diseased organs, embryos and other body parts.
  • Hunter experimented with inflating narrow blood vessels with wax to study blood flow
  • a famous item in Hunters collection was the skeleton of a man 2.3 meters tall. This was the Irish giant Charles Byrne, which he acquired in 1783.
17
Q

What were John Hunters teaching techniques and how did this benefit the development in medicine?

A
  • He was admitted to the company of surgeons in 1768, after which he set up a large practise and trained hundreds of other surgeons in his scientific approach.
  • Many young surgeons that Hunter trained and insured became medical teachers and professors.
  • he helped to bring about famous teaching hospitals in 19th century British and America. E.g he trained Edward Jenner who first discovered the use of vaccinations.
18
Q

What sort of books did Hunter publish which furthered medical knowledge?

A
  • His scientific research was widely read and were a major contribution to surgical knowledge.
  • they helped surgical progression by showing their theoretical knowledge about anatomy surgeons needed.
  • his findings were based in his observations and practical skills as a dissector during his experiments.
  • in 1771 he published ‘The Natural Theory of Teeth’.
  • In 1786 he published a book in ‘venereal diseases’ based on his own experiments. This was translated in many languages and widely read.
  • his experience in the army contributed to his book on ‘Blood inflammation and gunshot wounds’ The books stopped the idea gunshot wounds were poisoned.
19
Q

What books did John Hunter publish?

A
  • in 1771 he published ‘The Natural Theory of Teeth’.
  • In 1786 he published a book in ‘venereal diseases’ based on his own experiments. This was translated in many languages and widely read.
  • his experience in the army contributed to his book on ‘Blood inflammation and gunshot wounds’ The books stopped the idea gunshot wounds were poisoned.
20
Q

Give a brief description of John Hunters training:

A
  • trained at his brothers anatomy school, he worked there as an assistant.
  • he was commissioned in 1760 as an army surgeon to work in France an Portugal.
  • in 1767 he was elected as a member of the Royal Society.
  • in 1778 he was elected a surgeon at St George’s Hospital.
21
Q

What were some of John Hunters key findings and important factors in his life that made him significant in the development of medicine and health?

A

-He empathised the importance of observation like Galen.
-His students went on to become doctors and work as teacher in medical schools and universities. His students included Edward Jenner.
-He published work, such as changes that occurred in pregnancy.
-He built up a huge collection of specimens and used them used to show structure of human body.
-He carried out experiments on STI’s. E.g syphilis.
-Regarded as founder of scientific surgery.
-did research on arthritis.
Even after his death 1793 doctors had a limited ability to treat diseases.

22
Q

What was the nature of 18th century hospitals?

A
  • it wasn’t until now the idea of modern hospitals using modern methods to treat and cure patients began.
  • these new hospitals were funded and supported by charitable gifts of private people. E.g banks, merchants (traders).
  • sometimes even local people came together to help with the construction and running of these hospitals.
  • the new hospitals gave future doctors training and were sometimes even attached to medical schools.
  • there were wards for different types of diseases.
  • doctors also gained an official post (job) at these hospitals because it gave them a better reputation and attracted wealthy patients.
  • Most doctors income came from wealthy patients as ordinary people got free medical care.
  • most treatment was still based on the 4 Humours, bleeding and purging.
  • towards the end of the 18th century dispensaries opened giving the poor free medicine.