Development In 20th Century Medicine (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of 3 parent babies?

A

Advantages:
Eradicate heirtery diseases.

Disadvantages:
Could this be a step to far. This technology could be abused and used for the wrong reasons.

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2
Q

How has further development of medicine e.g 3 parent babies impacted surgery today?

A

Surgery is less significant. Scientists are able to engineer human bodies to make them genetically modified so certain diseases or inherited genes can be eradicated.

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3
Q

What did the Workmen’s Compensation Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Granted compensation for injury at work.
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4
Q

What did the Education (Provision of Meals) Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Introduced free school meals into primary schools.
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5
Q

What did the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Created school medical inspections.
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6
Q

What did the Matrimonial Causes Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Maintenance payments to be paid to divorced women.
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7
Q

What did the Children and Young Person’s Act (Children’s Charter) do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Made it illegal to sell alcohol, tobacco or fireworks to children under 16.
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8
Q

What did the Old-Age Pensions Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Over 70s received 5 shillings a week, 7 shillings for a married couple.
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9
Q

What did the Labour Exchanges Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Helped get people back into a job.
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10
Q

What did the Housing and Town Planning Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Made it illegal to build back-to-back houses.
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11
Q

What did the National Insurance Act do to improve public health and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Sick and unemployment pay introduced if you paid contributions into the scheme.
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12
Q

During the Boer war what was discovered about public health?

A

In 1889 a large scale recruitment campaign took place to find men to fight in the Boer war. 40% of those that had volunteered are suffering from malnutrition and diseases, such as rickets caused by poor diets.

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13
Q

What was the significance about the discovery made about public health during the Boer war?

A

It is clear that ill health is linked to poverty and that the government really needed to take action to raise living standards.

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14
Q

Who was Charles Booth and what did he discover?

A

From 1886-1903 he carried out a survey into the living conditions in the East End of London. He discovered 1/3 of the population lived on 21 shillings (£1.05 a week). This is below the poverty line.

He published his findings in a book called ‘Life and Labour of the People of London.’

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15
Q

What was the impact of living in poverty for the people involved in Charles Booths study?

A

They lived in substandard housing and had a poor diet. If they became ill they would not afford a doctor.

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16
Q

What did Seebohn Rowntree discover about public

Health in the 19th century?

A

Conducted a survey in York, after reading Booths findings in his book. He found that 28% of the population did not have the minimum amount of mo he needed to survive at some point in their life.

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17
Q

Why was Seebohn Rowntree’s findings worrying to the government?

A

They were concerned that the unhealthy state of Britain’s workers could lead to the decline of the country as a great industrial power. They were worried because given that Germany had a good system of welfare state for workers and was beginning to produce as much coal, iron and steel as Britain. It was the leading industrial state and they needed the working population to be healthy in order to keep their lending position in the world.

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18
Q

What was the impact of free school meals for children on the labouring population?

A

They were extremely important to provide a variety of food for a balanced, healthy diet for children. During school terms they got free meals but during the holidays they lost weight. Rich children were 9cm taller than poor children.

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19
Q

What impact did Rowntree’s book ‘Poverty: A Study of Town life’ have on public health reforms and the working population?

A

Provided factual evidence that children lived in dire circumstances. In the book it said that children has punny and feeble bodies, hip disease and swollen glands.

20
Q

What did the 1908 Young Persons Act do and why was it put in place?

A

It was put in place to safeguard children against obvious threats.

  • children were treated as ‘protected persons’: parents could be prosecuted for neglect of abuse.
  • all children’s homes were regularly inspected.
  • children under 14 were not allowed in pus.
  • shopkeepers cannot dell cigarettes to anyone under 16.
21
Q

How did the 1908 Young Persons Act impact shield mortality rates?

A

As the years go on the deaths per child under one person per 1000 live births decreased from 163%in 1900 to 4% in 2010.

22
Q

Who was Beveridge?

A

An economist, who released a government report stating how severe the levels of poverty and ill health were?

23
Q

What were the 5 evils?

A
  • squalor
  • idleness
  • disease
  • ignorance
  • want
24
Q

Define the ‘evil’ squalor?

A

Majority of population were living in slums and house prices were very high.

25
Q

Define the ‘evil’ idleness?

A

Unemployment levels had become very high due to the little and poor education many people received and the very few jobs available after the war.

26
Q

Define the ‘evil’ disease?

A

Disease was becoming wide spread amongst the population and there was little help available through hospitals as they were all private and required a fee to be paid.

27
Q

Define the ‘evil’ ignorance?

A

School leading age in the 1900’s was just 14 years of age. This meant many young people were unemployed and the majority could not afford to pay for higher education.

28
Q

Define the ‘evil’ want?

A

Extreme poverty was the result for many families who could not afford the necessities of everyday life. This was the outcome of ill health and unemployment which meant the household income was very little.

29
Q

Who was Aneurin Bevan?

A

The son of a Welsh coal miner who started mining underground at 13. This gave him an insight of the problems of poverty faced by the working people.

30
Q

What was Bevan’s attitude towards the availability of medical treatment?

A

His background and work for the miners’ union gave him experience of the problems of poverty and sickness. He believed in free health care for all. He wanted to make life better for the working people.

31
Q

What opposition did Bevan need to overcome for the development of the NHS?

A
  • doctors were afraid they would lose there freedom and be unable to treat private patients who paid fees.
  • local councils and charities objected the government taking over the control of hospitals from them.
  • some believed that the poor and sick were poor because they were lazy so didn’t deserve to be helped.
  • some believed people would become lazy and not bother working because they were getting something for nothing.
32
Q

How did Bevan overcome the opposition he faced by doctors and other people?

A

By 1948 92% of doctors and the vast majority of hospitals agreed to work under the NHS. Bevan agreed that doctors could continue to treat patients privately and charge them fees as well as working for the NHS.

33
Q

What impact did the NHS have in women?

A

NHS made women’s health a priority and continue to do so. Women now are 4x more likely to consult a doctor than a man. Life expectancy has increased from 66-78 since 1948 for women. Maternal mortality has also reduce significantly.

34
Q

Some problems faced by the NHS today include:

A
Dental treatment
Long waiting time
Decline in death rate
New cures
Prescription charges
35
Q

What problem does the NHS face with dental treatment?

A
  • charged for dental treatment used to be free but are no longer free.
  • people must pay for checkups and dental treatment e.g fillings,
36
Q

What problem does the NHS face with long waiting time?

A

Means people seek health care outside NHS. Losing faith? There are waiting lists for almost all major and minor surgeries.

37
Q

What problem does the NHS face with a decline in death rate?

A

Better standard of health care provided. Ageing population puts strain on economy and available healthy care.

38
Q

What problem does the NHS face with new cures?

A

Increase in cost of research and treating disease, due to new cures being found.

39
Q

What problem does the NHS face with prescription charges?

A
  • prescription charges introduced by success be governments.

- used to be free now people made to pay for their prescriptions.

40
Q

What are the services available in a GP surgery?

A
  • family planning
  • asthma clinic
  • minor surgery
  • vaccination and immunisation
  • antenatal and postnatal care
  • physiotherapy
  • cancer screening
41
Q

When did the Labour Party come to power and what did they introduce?

A

The Labour Party came to power on July 1945; in July 1948 they introduced the NHS. This meant hospitals came under the control of the state and local authorities were to provide free services.

42
Q

What type of services were available to all, free, at the point of delivery?

A
Hospitals
Specialists
Blood transfusions 
Dentists 
Family doctors
Ambulances
Maternity and child welfare
Health centres
Vaccinations
And more...
43
Q

What services did parliament over sea regarding the NHS?

A

Medical research

Teaching hospitals

44
Q

What did the welfare state provide for children?

A
Clinics - disease
Cheap or free milk and food
Cheap or free school dinners
Education - idleness, ignorance 
Free dental care and spectacles

(All are want)

45
Q

What did the welfare state provide for elderly people?

A
Retirement pensions
Special homes
Home help
Meals at home
Financial help with funeral costs
46
Q

What did the welfare state provide?

A
Free doctors and hospitals 
Cheap medicine
Family allowances
Sick pay
Unemployment pay or dole
Training
Pensions for those unable to work
Maternity grants