The Basics of Chemistry Flashcards
What is a chemical
Anything you can see or touch except light and electricity
Organic Chemistry
The study of substances that contain carbon.
(all living things that were once alive)
Examples of organic substances
poison ivy, gasoline, motor oil, plastics, synthetics, fabrics, pesticides, and fertilizers
What does organic not mean?
Natural or healthy
What does organic mean?
The substance contains both carbon and hydrogen from either natural or synthetic sources
Inorganic Chemistry
Substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen
What are some inorganic chemicals
metals, minerals, glass, water, and air
Titanium dioxide, a white pigment used to whiten polymer powders and uv gels in nails polish to provide better coverage is an example of inorganic substance
Titanium dioxide, a white pigment used to whiten polymer powders and uv gels in nails polish to provide better coverage is an example of inorganic substance
Matter
Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)
All matter is made from chemicals, so everything made out of matter is a chemical. Matter has physical properties that you can touch taste smell or see
All matter is made from chemicals, so everything made out of matter is a chemical. Matter has physical properties that you can touch taste smell or see
energy is not matter, everything known to exist in the universe is either made of matter or energy
energy is not matter, everything known to exist in the universe is either made of matter or energy
What are two forms of energy
light and electricity
Element
The simplest form of chemical matter and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
90
what is O for?
Oxygen
What is C for?
Carbon
Atoms
Chemical particles from which all matter is composed; all matter is made entirely of chemicals
An atom is the smallest chemical particle of an element that retains the same properties of that element.
An atom is the smallest chemical particle of an element that retains the same properties of that element.
What can atoms not do?
Be divided into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
Molecule
A chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
Millions of chemical reactions occur in the body every second, which is what keeps us alive
Millions of chemical reactions occur in the body every second, which is what keeps us alive
Compound molecules
Made by combining two or more atoms of different elements
Sodium chloride (NaCI), or common table salt, is a chemical compound that contains one atom of the element sodium (Na) and one atom of the element chlorine (CI)
Sodium chloride (NaCI), or common table salt, is a chemical compound that contains one atom of the element sodium (Na) and one atom of the element chlorine (CI)
What are the three different forms of physical matter
solid,liquid, and gas
What do liquids have?
A definite volume but not a definite shape
What is a special form of plasma that behaves like a gas?
Plasma
Vapor
A liquid that has evaporated into a “gas like” state but is not gas
What does vapor turn back into when they cool down enough?
Liquid
what do physical properties include?
color, size, weight, hardness, odor, and gloss
chemical properties
Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance
When does a physical change occur?
- when an abrasive file is used on the nail plate and both the nail plate and the file are changed
- when nail polish dissolves in a solvent, it is not chemically changed
What are some pure substances?
atoms, elements, elemental molecules, and compound molecules
what is saltwater
a physical mixture of salt and water
What is a solution?
A stable uniform blend of two or more substances
Miscible
Liquids are mutually soluble (They can be mixed together to form stable solutions that cannot be easily separated)
Immiscible
Liquids are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions.
What is an example of immiscible liquids?
water and oil
What are solutions?
Soluble mixtures created when all solid particles have completely dissolved and all liquid components are completely soluble
What are suspensions?
Unstable mixtures of undissolved particles floating in a liquid.
What do suspensions contain?
larger and less miscible particles than solutions
what does an emulsifier bring together?
Brings together two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend
How long can a formulated emulsion, stored under ideal conditions be stable?
Up to 3 years
What is the head of the surfactant molecule?
Hydrophilic (water loving)
What is the tail of the surfactant molecule?
Liophilic (oil loving)
What is an example of an oil in water emulsion made of two normally immiscible liquids?
Mayonnaise
What are example of oil in water emulsion in the salon?
Lotions and creams
What are some examples of semisolid mixtures made with any combination of petroleum?
ointments, pastes, pomades, and styling waxes
Glycerin
A sweet colorless oily substance
Silicones
Special type of ingredient used in nail polish dryers and as skin protectants
Volatile Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very quickly (meaning they are volatile)
What is an ion?
An atom or molecule that carries an unbalanced electrical charge
What does ionization cause?
Causes an atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges
Acidic
The more hydrogen ions there are in a substance the more acidic it will be
What are the products that can have a pH?
products containing water
What does the pH scale measure?
It measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance.
What is the range of the pH scale?
It has a range of 0 to 14. a pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution
What is the pH scale of pure water?
7 (an equal balance of acid and alkaline)
What is the pH scale of acids?
below 7.0 and turn litmus paper from blue to red
