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Human Gross Anatomy > The Axilla & Breast- Exam IV > Flashcards

The Axilla & Breast- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is the axilla described as?

A

pyramid

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2
Q

What borders makeup the pyramid consuming the axilla?

A

anterior, posterior, lateral and medial

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3
Q

armpit region

A

axilla

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4
Q

What is the scientific term for armpit?

A

axillary fossa

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5
Q

The axillary fossa is located inferiorly to what joint?

A

glenohumeral joint

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6
Q

The axilla is essentially the region we think of as the:

A

deep compartment of the armpit

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7
Q

What is another name for glenohumeral joint?

A

shoulder joint

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8
Q

The axilla is inferior to the glenohumeral joint at the junction of the:

A

arm and thorax

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9
Q

The axilla is an important ________ to the upper limb

A

passageway for neurovascular structures

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10
Q

The axilla is a pyramid-shaped spaces that is invested in:

A

layers of fascia

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11
Q

Some of the layers of fascia that the axilla is invested in are continuous with:

A

The Thorax and upper limb

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12
Q

The glenohumeral joint is where the ____ attaches to the ____.

A

humerus to scapula

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13
Q

The rough pyramid shape is associated with bony elements that include: (anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, medially)

A

anterior: clavicle
posterior: scapula
lateral: humerus
medial: torso & ribs

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14
Q

The fascia of the pectoral region consists of ___ and ____ layers

A

superficial and deep

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15
Q

The fascia of the pectoral region consists of superficial and deep layers that do what 3 things?

A
  1. define borders
  2. invest muscles
  3. create potential spaces
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16
Q

Fascia of the upper limb will be named:

A

regionally

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17
Q

Fascia with respect to the musculoskeletal system is important because it encases routes of muscles that ______. It connects groups of muscles that do ______, and also encases ______.

A
  1. functionally do the same thing
  2. different things
  3. singular muscles
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18
Q

What fascia of the upper limb is composed of adipose tissue, and loose areolar connective tissue?

A

superficial fascia

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19
Q

Superficial fascia of the upper limb is analogous to what type of fascia in the abdomen?

A

campers fascia of abdomen

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20
Q

What fascia of the upper limb is described as subcutaneous?

A

superficial

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21
Q

What fascia of the upper limb plays a role in compartmentalizing, surrounds muscles, and attaches to bone in most cases?

A

deep fascia

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22
Q

What fascia of the upper limb defines the axillary fossa?

A

deep fascia

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23
Q

What fascia of the upper limb contains many lymph nodes?

A

superficial fascia

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24
Q

The deep fascia of the upper limb is analogous to _______ fascia of the abdomen

A

Campers

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25
Q

Fascia covering the pectoral region:

A

pectoral fascia

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26
Q

Fascia defining the axillary region?

A

axillary fascia

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27
Q

Fascia covering the deltoid region?

A

deltoid fascia

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28
Q

Fascia covering the arm?

A

brachial fascia

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29
Q

Smaller chest muscle that connects some of the ribs to the scapula:

A

pectoralis minor

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30
Q

Large anterior upper chest muscle:

A

pectoralis major

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31
Q

Within the axillary region, we have compartmentalization that happens from the pectoral fascia contributions and then deep to the pectoral fascia we have:

A

clavipectoral fascia

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32
Q

The pectoralis major muscle is covered in _____ fascia

A

pectoral

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33
Q

The pectoralis minor muscle is covered in ____ fascia

A

clavipectoral fascia

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34
Q

The clavipectoral fascia is connecting from the ______ to the _____.

A

subclavius to pectoralis minor

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35
Q

What fascia is located inferior to the pectoral muscles?

A

axillary fascia

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36
Q

The pectoral fascia and the clavipectoral fascia connect together essentially creating a nice fascia plane of deep:

A

axillary fascia

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37
Q

Superficial fascia is composed of: (2)

A

skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue

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38
Q

Muscle over lower mandible, neck, and upper thoracic/shoulder region; a very superficial skeletal muscle that is mostly subcutaneous:

A

platysma muscle

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39
Q

Nerves from the brachial plexus that are cutaneous branches from C3 & C4 spinal nerves

A

supraclavicular nerves

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40
Q

Nerves that provide cutaneous innervation over the neck and very top portion of the pectoral region:

A

supraclavicular nerve

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41
Q

What type of innervation comes from the supraclavicular nerve

A

cutaneous innervation

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42
Q

The supracalvicular nerve is composed of cutaneous branches from:

A

C3 and C4 cervical spinal nerves

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43
Q

Anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves come up through ____ to _____.

A

come up through deeper layers of fascia to subcutaneous layers

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44
Q

anterior and lateral branches of ______ nerves come up through the deeper layers of fascia to subcutaneous layers

A

intercostal nerves

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45
Q

Intercostal nerves that are innervating the costal muscle are also providing ______ innervation to the skin of the thorax

A

cutaneous

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46
Q

Covers the pectoralis major muscle

A

pectoral fascia

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47
Q

The pectoralis fascia:
1. attaches ____ to _____
2. Invests the ______ muscle
3. Is continuous with the fascia of the _____.

A
  1. clavicle to sternum
  2. pectoralis majorm muscle
  3. anterior abdominal wall
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48
Q

The pectoral fascia will become the:

A

axillary fascia

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49
Q

What type of fascia forms the floor of the axilla?

A

axillary fascia

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50
Q

What fascia is deep to the pectoralis muscle?

A

clavipectoral fascia

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51
Q

The clavipectoral fascia invests what muscle? (2)

A

subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles

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52
Q

What connects the subclavius to the pectoralis minor?

A

costocoracoid membrane

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53
Q

The clavicpectoral fascia attaches to what bone?

A

clavicle

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54
Q

The clavipectoral fascia becomes _____ of the _____.

A

suspensory ligament of axilla

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55
Q

Label:

A

A- pectoralis major
B- pectoralis minor
C- subclavius

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56
Q

Label:

A

A- costocoracoid membrane
B- Pectoral fascia
C- suspensory ligament of axilla
D- Axillary fascia

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57
Q

Deep fascial membranous structure that transmits nerves and vessels that are going form deep in the shoulder to cutaneous in the chest

A

costocoracoid membrane

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58
Q

Where does the clavicpectoral fascia connect to the pectoral fascia?

A

suspensory ligament

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59
Q

Allows for the passage of neurovascular structures between the axilla and pectoral region:

A

clavipectoral triangle

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60
Q

What is another name for clavipectoral triangle?

A

deltopectoral triangle

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61
Q

What are the borders of the clavipectoral triangle? (3)

A

deltoid, pectoralis major and middle 1/3 of clavicle

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62
Q

What are the contents of the clavipectoral triangle? (3)

A

cephalic vein, deltopectoral lymph nodes, deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery

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63
Q

The deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery comes from what artery?

A

axillary artery

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64
Q

What vein and artery is shown?

A

Cephalic vein; deltoid branch of thoracacromial artery

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65
Q

The skin of the axilla is connected to the _____ that is derived from the clavipectoral and pectoral fascia that is pulled up from the suspensory ligament

A

Axillary fascia

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66
Q

What keeps the skin and tissue tucked up into the axilla to prevent droopy armpit skin?

A

Suspensory ligament

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67
Q

The top opening of the axilla coming from the neck:

A

Apex of axilla

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68
Q

Where is the cervicoaxillary canal located?

A

Apex of axilla

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69
Q

Space that is the passageway for neurovascular structures (axillary vessels & brachial plexus components) from the neck and upper limb

A

Cervicoaxillary canal

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70
Q

What borders the apex of the axilla? (3)

A

Clavicle, scapula, and 1st rib

71
Q

Portion of the axilla that is invested in the superficial fatty, lymphatic axillary fascia that is very protective:

A

Base of axilla

72
Q

In the base of the axilla:

The anterior axillary fold contains what muscle?

A

Pectoralis major

73
Q

The base of the axilla:

The posterior axillary fold contains what muscles?

A

Latissamus dorsi and teres major

74
Q

In the base of the axilla:

What muscles does the chest wall contain?

A

Serratus anterior muscle

75
Q

In the anterior wall of the axilla, the superior portion contains:

A

Clavicle and subclavius muscle

76
Q

What are all of the structures associated with the anterior wall of the axilla?

A

Clavicle, subclavius muscle, pectoralis major muscle and pectoralis minor muscle

77
Q

The medial portions of the anterior wall of the axilla include:

A

Chest wall- pectoralis major and minor

78
Q

Label

A

A: anterior wall
B: pectoralis major
C: pectoralis minor

79
Q

What components make up the posterior wall of the axilla? (4)

A

Scapula, subscapularis muscle, latissimus dorsi muscle, teres major muscle

80
Q

Label:

A

A- posterior wall
B- latissiumus dorsi
C- teres major
D- scapula
E- subscapularis

81
Q

What components make up the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Intertubercular sulcus

Tendon of long head of biceps

Coracobrachialis tendon

82
Q

The lateral wall of the axilla is associated with the ____ and the muscles and tendons that go with it.

83
Q

The anterior medial aspect of the humerus has a groove called the intertubercular sulcus which can also be called:

A

Bicipital groove

84
Q

Label:

A

A: coracobrachialis tendon
B: tendon of long head of biceps

85
Q

What tendon sits in side the intertubercular sulcus (or bicipital groove of sulcus)?

A

Tendon of long head of biceps brachii

86
Q

Within the axilla is a separate facial compartment called the:

A

Axillary sheath

87
Q

The axillary sheath is an extension of the _______ into the ______ of the axilla

A

Extensions of prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia into the cervicoaxillary canal (apex)

88
Q

The contents of the axillary sheath include what 3 things (basic)

A

Vascular, neurological, and lymphatic

89
Q

The vascular component of the axillary sheath includes:

A

Arteries and veins

90
Q

The neurological components of the axillary sheath include:

A

Cord of the brachial plexus

91
Q

The lymphatic components of the axillary sheath include:

A

Axillary lymph nodes

92
Q

The axillary sheath is found in the:

A

Cervicoaxillary canal

93
Q

The axillary sheath surrounds what 3 things? What is also sometimes there but most of the time are located AROUND the axillary sheath and not in it?

A

Axillary vein, axillary artery, & parts of brachial plexus

Lymph nodes

94
Q

When discussing the vasculature of the axilla, the axilla contains what vein and what artery?

A

Axillary artery, axillary vein

95
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of the:

A

Subclavian artery

96
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery and has tributaries that provide blood to the: (3)

A

Shoulder, thorax, and axillary region

97
Q

The axillary artery continues into the arm as the:

A

Brachial artery

98
Q

The axillary vein is formed by the joining of the:

A

Brachial veins and basilic vein

99
Q

The brachial veins and basilic veins join to form the:

A

Axillary vein

100
Q

The axillary vein will eventually be joined by the cephalic vein as it becomes the:

A

Subclavian vein

101
Q

Cephalic =

A

Lateral/ superior

102
Q

Basilic =

A

Medial/inferior

103
Q

Both the cephalic and basilic veins are both ____ of the upper limb

A

Superficial veins

104
Q

Label:

A

A- axillary artery
B- cephalic vein
C- subclavian vein
D- axillary vein
E- brachial veins
F- bacilic vein

105
Q

A network of spinal nerves C5-T1 that emerge from the neck and travel into the axilla

A

Brachial plexus

106
Q

The brachial plexus of the axilla involves the spinal nerves:

107
Q

The ______ of the brachial plexus are within the axillary sheath

108
Q

The cords of the brachial plexus that are within the axillary sheath are also accompanied by:

A

The axillary artery and vein

109
Q

The brachial plexus of the axilla provides innervation to the: (4)

A
  1. Shoulder
  2. Pectoral region
  3. Scapular region
  4. Upper limb
110
Q

What cervical nerves are involved with the brachial plexus? What thoracic nerves?

111
Q

Within the fibrocartilage connective tissue of the axilla there are numerous:

A

Axillary lymph nodes

112
Q

The axillary lymph nodes can be grouped together based on :

A

Their location within pyramid

113
Q

Anterior axillary lymph nodes:

A

Pectoral lymph nodes

114
Q

Posterior axillary lymph nodes

A

Subscapular lymph nodes

115
Q

Lateral axillary lymph nodes:

A

Humeral lymph nodes

116
Q

Center/base axillary lymph nodes:

A

Central lymph nodes

117
Q

The apex axillary lymph nodes:

A

Apical lymph nodes

118
Q

Axillary lymph nodes (3-5) located near the medial wall of the axilla & also cluster around the lateral thoracic vein.

A

Pectoral (anterior) lymph nodes

119
Q

The axillary lymph nodes (6-7) that are located near the posterior axillary fold and cluster around the subscapular vessels

A

Subscapular (posterior) lymph nodes

120
Q

The axillary lymph nodes ( 4-6) located in the lateral wall of the axilla near the axillary vein:

A

Humeral (lateral) lymph nodes

121
Q

The axillary lymph nodes (3-4) located at the base of the axilla near the axillary vein:

A

Central (center/base) lymph nodes

122
Q

The axillary lymph nodes located near the apex (cervicoaxillary canal), and near the axillary vein

A

Apical (apex) lymph nodes

123
Q

Describe the structure of the breast:

A

Bilateral glandular structures

124
Q

In females, the breast is much more developed and capable of:

A

Producing nourishment for the young

125
Q

What type of glands are mammary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands

126
Q

The cutaneous structure (breast itself) sits on top of:

A

Pectoral fascia (deep fascia)

127
Q

What are the glands that produce the milk in the glandular breast tissue:

A

Lactiferous glands

128
Q

From the lactiferous glands, we have a lot of ducts that converge on the:

129
Q

List the order of deep to superficial when describing the breast:

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Pectoralis minor muscle (covered in clavipectoral fascia)
  3. Pectoralis major muscle (covered in pectoral fascia)
  4. Retromammary space
  5. Superficial fascia of chest wall & breast?
130
Q

The retromammary space can also be called the:

A

Retromammary bursa

131
Q

The Retromammary space (bursa) is a potential space between the:

A

Breast and pectoral fascia

132
Q

The breast is innervated by:

A

Intercostal nerves (4-6)

133
Q

The 4th-6th intercostal nerves provide ___ & ____ to breast tissue.

A

Sensation and autonomics

134
Q

The lactiferous lobules (glandular structures) receive:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

135
Q

Blood supply and innervation of the breast is coming rom surrounding vessels and nerves such as:

A

Tributaries from sublcavian and axillary arteries and the corresponding veins

136
Q

Structures within the breast tissue that actually tack some of the loose tissue to the skin:

A

Suspensory ligaments of the breast

137
Q

Typically the adipose loose areolar connective fascia of the breast is NOT stuck to the breast wall. However when attachment occurs or infiltrates into the retromammary space occurs this is indicative of:

A

A pathological process (probs cancer)

138
Q

Mammary gland lobules converge on the:

139
Q

_____ drain into _____ which open at the nipple

A

Lactiferous ducts ; lactiferous sinuses

140
Q

What allows milk to pool prior to expression?

A

Lactiferous sinuses

141
Q

The nipple is surrounded by a pigmented:

142
Q

The innervation of the breast is mainly from:

A

Anterior and lateral branches of the 4th -6th intercostal nerves

143
Q

In addition to the 4th-6th intercostal nerves, the breast may also receive innervation from :

A

Supraclacivular nerve branches & and other intercostal nerve branches

144
Q

What type of innervation occurs for the skin of the breast?

A

Somatosensory

145
Q

What type of innervation occurs with the blood vessels and smooth muscle of the breast?

146
Q

We have ___ & ____ mammary branches that will come from the ____ & _____ intercostal branches (for breast innervation)

A

Medial and lateral mammary branches; anterior and lateral intercostal branches

147
Q

The primary blood supply of the breast breaks down into what two branches?

A

Medial mammary branches & Lateral mammary branches

148
Q

The medial mammary branches come from the _____ which comes from the ____.

A

From internal thoracic artery which comes from subclavian artery

149
Q

The lateral mammary branches come from the ____ which comes from the ______.

A

Lateral thoracic artery which comes from the axillary artery

150
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the breast?

A- axillary artery
B- subclavian artery
C- Both

151
Q

Label:

A

A- intercostal nerve- lateral mammary branches
B- Supraclavicular nerves
C- Intercostal nerve- medial mammary branches

152
Q

Label

A

A- axillary artery and vein
B- lateral thoracic artery and vein
C- medial mammary branches
D- lateral mammary branches
E- Subclavian artery and vein
F- Internal thoracic artery and vein
G- perforating branches
H- mammary branches

153
Q

The primary venous drainage of the breast is mainly to the ____ via lateral thoracic veins and medial mammary veins via the _____.

A

Axillary vein; internal thoracic vein

154
Q

The venous drainage of the breast is mainly to the axillary vein via the ____ , and then the ______ via the internal thoracic vein.

A

Lateral thoracic veins ; medial mammary veins

155
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast is especially important due to its role in :

A

Metastasis of cancer cells

156
Q

More than 75% of lymph drainage of the breast goes into:

A

Axillary lymph nodes

157
Q

What are the groups of axillary lymph nodes that most commonly receive lymph drainage:

A

Pectoral, central, apical

158
Q

The nipple, areolar and lactiferous lobules drain into the:

A

Subareolar lymph nodes

159
Q

Additional breast lymph may be drained into the:

A

Parasternal and abdominal lymph nodes

160
Q

Developmental region in which along this line in development breast tissue can develop anywhere, and may or may not include glandular tissue:

A

Mammary ridge

161
Q

Accessory nipple (___)and or breast tissue (____) can occur in males & females

A

Polythelia; polymastia

162
Q

Arise from glandular tissue, epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts:

A

Adenocarcinomas

163
Q

Most metastasis of breast involves:

A

Axillary lymph nodes

164
Q

Excess subcutaneous fluid involved in cancer process:

A

Lymphedema

165
Q

Dimpling of the skin of the breast:

A

Peau D’orange sign

166
Q

Invasion of the retromammary space and pectoral fascia will cause the breast to: (a clinical sign of advanced cancer)

A

Elevate when pectoral muscles contract

167
Q

List common signs of carcinoma of breast: (5)

A
  1. Skin dimpling
  2. Retracted signs
  3. Edema of skin (Peau D’ Orange)
  4. Nipple retraction and deviation
  5. Abnormal contours
168
Q

Metastatic cancer Carnell from breast tissue can also spread via:

A

Parasternal lymph node communication with internal thoracic veins

169
Q

Metastatic cancer from breast tissue can also spread via Parasternal lymph node communication ninth internal thoracic (internal mammary) veins, which drain to:

A

Intercostal veins

170
Q

The intercostal veins eventually drain to the _____ in the posterior thorax

A

Azygous venous system

171
Q

The drainage of the intercostal veins to the azygous venous system in teh posterior thorax can provide the route by which cancers of the breast can spread to:

A

Thoracic and skeletal structures

172
Q

During metastasis, involvement of vertebral venous pelxus also provides a route for cancer cells to spread to the:

A

Brain and cranium

173
Q

What are the 4 most common areas breast cancer can metastasize to?

A

Lung, pleura, liver, and bone

Human Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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