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Human Gross Anatomy > Joints of upper limb: shoulder & elbow- Exam IV > Flashcards

Joints of upper limb: shoulder & elbow- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of joints in the body?

A

solid & synovial

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2
Q

What are the mobile and moveable joints of the body?

A

synovial joints

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3
Q

What are the 2 categories of solid joints?

A

fibrous and cartilage

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of solid fibrous joints?

A
  1. sutures
  2. syndesmoses
  3. gomphoses
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5
Q

Joint between the root of tooth, periodontal ligament & alveolar bone of mandible- what is the name of this joint and what type of joint is it?

A

gomphoses; solid fibrous joint

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6
Q

Describe the makeup of synovial joints:

A

fibrous & cartilagenous

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7
Q

Synovial joints contain a joint capsule with:

A
  1. inner synovial membrane
  2. outer fibrous capsule
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8
Q

Some synovial joints have ___ that cover the articular ends of the bones

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

2 examples of synovial joints that contain an articular disc:

A
  1. knees
  2. temporomandibular joint
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10
Q

Due to the mobility of synovial joints, what is present to mitigate friction?

A

synovial fluid

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11
Q

Where 2 long bones articulate we have a covering of:

A

articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

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12
Q

The articular capsule is made of:

A

fibrous capsule & synovial membrane

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13
Q

What is found inside the synovial membrane?

A

synovial fluid

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14
Q

What is responsible for reinforcing most joints of the body?

A

tendons & ligaments

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15
Q

Ligaments connect:
Tendons connect:

A

ligaments- bone to bone
tendons- muscle to bone

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16
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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17
Q

Joints with NO movement:

A

synarthrosis

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18
Q

Joints with little movement:

A

amphiarthrosis

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19
Q

Joints with a lot of movement:

A

diarthrosis

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20
Q

What type of joints are most synovial joints classified as functionally?

A

diarthrosis

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21
Q

List the possible movements of synovial joints:

A

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial

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22
Q

Synovial joints only able to slide/glide along eachother with no specific axes of movement:

A

nonaxial

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23
Q

What joints are typically characterized by an irregular flattened articular surface?

A

nonaxial synovial joints

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24
Q

Synovial joint described as a hinge with a single axis of movement:

A

uniaxial

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25
Q

The articulation between the ulna & humerus forms what type of joint?

A

uniaxial elbow joint

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26
Q

Joint with 2 axes of movement; describe that movement:

A

Biaxial; flex/extend and abduct/adduct

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27
Q

Synovial joint with greater than 2 axes of movement:

A

multiaxial

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28
Q

The acromioclavicular joint involves the articulation between:

The structural type of this joint is:

The functional type of this joint is (movements allowed):

A

acromion process of scapula and clavicle

Synovial/plane

Diarthrotic- gliding and rotation of scapular on clavicle

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29
Q

The glenohumeral joint is known as:

A

Shoulder joint

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30
Q

The glenohumeral joint involves articulation between:

The structural type of this joint is:

The functional type of this joint is (movements allowed):

A

Scapular and humerus

Synovial- ball & socket

Diarthrotic- multiaxial- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumductino, rotation of humerus/arm

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31
Q

The elbow joint involves articulation between:

The structural type of this joint is:

The functional type of this joint is (movements allowed):

A

Ulna (and radius) with humerus

Synovial- hinge

Diarthrotic- uniaxial, flexion, extension of forearm

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32
Q

The proximal radioulnar joint involves articulation between:

The structural type of joint is:

The functional type of joint is (movements allowed):

A

Radius and ulna

Synovial- pivot

Diarthrotic- uniaxial, rotation of radius around long axis of the forearm to allow pronation and supination

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33
Q

The distal radioulnar joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

The functional type of joint is (movements allowed):

A

Radius and ulna

Synovial-pivot (contains articular disc)

Diarthrotic- uniaxial- rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in ulnar notch of radius)

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34
Q

The sternoclavicular joint involves the articulation between:

Structural type of joint:

Functional type of joint (movements allowed):

A

manubrium of sternum and clavicle

Synovial- shallow saddle with articular disc

Diarthrotic-multiaxial

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35
Q

What is the only bony articulation of the upperlimb with the thorax?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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36
Q

What do the radioulnar (proximal and distal) joints accomplish?

A

pronation and supination of the forearm

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37
Q

What is the only bone to articulate with the wrist?

A

radius

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38
Q

The upper limb is built for _____ , while the lower limb is built for _____.

A

mobility; locomotion

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39
Q

Responsible for hanging the shoulder and upper limb off the body (reinforced by ligaments and musculature)

A

clavicle

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40
Q

The pectoral girdle is the:

A

shoulder girdle

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41
Q

The pectoral girdles is made of:

A

scapula and clavicle only

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42
Q

What is not part of the pectoral girdle but articulates with it:

A

humerus

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43
Q

The clavicle + scapula+ humerus make up the:

A

shoulder complex

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44
Q

What are the 2 joints of the upper limb?

A

sternoclavicular joint & acromioclavicular joint

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45
Q

The acromioclavicular end of the clavicle is the ____ end of the clavicle

A

lateral

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46
Q

What is responsible for reinforing clavicle and acromion attachment:

A

acromioclavicular ligament

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47
Q

What attaches one part of the scapular to another part of the scapula forming a roof over the glenoid region?

A

coricoacromial lgament

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48
Q

What reinforce and keep the clavicle from popping up off its articulation with the scapula?

A

coricoclavicular ligaments

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49
Q

The subacrombial space is roofed over by:

A

coricoacromial ligament

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50
Q

The glenohumeral joint involves articulation between:

A

head of humerus with glenoid of scapula

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51
Q

What is the glenoid of the scapula?

A

articulating surface of the scapula

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52
Q

The scapula sits in a bunch of:

A

muscle and fascia

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53
Q

The scapula articulates with _____; and then the ____ articulates with the sternum:

A

clavicle; clavicle

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54
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial joint

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55
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is described as:

A

double/shallow saddle

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56
Q

Describe the synovial cavity of the sternoclavicular joint:

A

2 separate synovial cavities

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57
Q

What ligament connects the clavicle to the 1st rib?

A

costoclavicular ligament

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58
Q

What ligament goes in between the 2 heads of the clavicles?

A

interclavicular ligament

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59
Q

Ligament going from the clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum:

A

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligametns

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60
Q

What is only “true” bony articulation between the upper limb and the thorax?

A

sternoclavicular joint

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61
Q

Because the sternoclavicular joint is a multiaxial joint. what movements does it produce?

A
  1. elevation and depression of clavicle and disc
  2. Protraction and retraction of clavicle and sternum
  3. rotation of both clavicle and sternum
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62
Q

The dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is typically caused by:

A

traumatic event with a lot of force

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63
Q

Describe the prevalence of a sternoclavicular joint dislocation:

A

Rare

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64
Q

Most sternoclavicular dislocations are the result of:

A

fractures of the epiphyseal plate at the sternal end of the clavicle in individuals less than 25 years old

65
Q

What is more common, a clavicle fracture or a sternoclavicular dislocation?

A

clavicle fracture

66
Q

Ankylosis of the sternoclavicular joint is characterized by:

A

stiffening, fixation, of fusion of the SC joint

67
Q

Anklyosis of the sternoclavicular joint can be caused by what 2 conditions?

A
  1. arthritic conditions
  2. SAPHO syndrome
68
Q

An inflammatory condition that may include synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperstosis & osteitis:

A

SAPHO syndrome

69
Q

What is the elbow bone?

70
Q

Torn, ruptured or strained coracoclavicular ligaments result in:

A

shoulder separation

71
Q

A shoulder separation results in the separation of the:

A

clavicle from the scapular complex

72
Q

What is the joint between the end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula:

A

acromioclavicular joint

73
Q

Coracoclavicular ligaments are responsible for:

A

holding the clavicle down to the scapula

74
Q

What are the 2 coracoclavicular ligaments?

A

Trapezoid and conoid

75
Q

The acromioclavicular ligament binds to the:

A

acromioclavicular joint

76
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

synovial plane

77
Q

What are the supporting or accessory ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?

A

coracoclavicular ligaments

78
Q

What are the 2 parts of the acromioclavicular ligaments?

A

superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

79
Q

Of the coracoclavicular ligaments, which is more lateral and which is more medial?

A

medial = conoid
lateral= trapezoid

80
Q

Acromioclavicular joint dislocation is synonymous with:

A

Separated shoulder

81
Q

Landing hard on the elbow can cause what type of shoulder injury?

A

shoulder separation

82
Q

A grade 1 separate shoulder is characterized by:

A

acromioclavicular ligament sprain

83
Q

A grade 2 separated shoulder is characterized by:

A

acromioclavicular ligament tear

84
Q

A grade 3 separated shoulder is characterized by:

A

both acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligament tears

85
Q

The physical indications of shoulder separation include:

A

redness, edema, & lump over the superior aspect of shoulder

86
Q

Describe the glenohumeral joint:

A

shallow ball & socket joint

87
Q

The synovial capsule that surrounds the glenohumeral joint is:

A

fibrous, weak, & mobile

88
Q

The synovial capsule is reinforced by:

A

the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles

89
Q

The synovial capsule is pierced by:

A

long tendon of biceps brachii

90
Q

The long tendon of biceps brachii pierces the synovial capsule and attaches to:

A

supragleoid tubercle of scapula & glenoid labrum

91
Q

Series of 4 muscle surrounding the scapula and hugging the head of the humerus:

A

rotator cuff muscles

92
Q

List everything that surrounds the glenohumeral joint: (5)

A

synovial cavity, fibrous capusle, glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligaments, and then the tendons of the muscles

93
Q

The glenoid is small and shallow but expanded by:

A

glenoid labrum

94
Q

What ligaments reinforce and surround the glenohumeral joint:

A

capsular ligaments

95
Q

Where is the location of the capsular ligaments?

A

around the glenohumeral joint

96
Q

What ligaments comprise the capsular ligaments?

A

glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments

97
Q

What are the 3 glenohumeral ligametns?

A

superior, middle, and inferior

98
Q

Ligament that attaches to the neck of the coracoid process:

A

coracohumeral ligament

99
Q

Pillows of synovial fluid between muscle and joint capsule and/or bone and joint capsule:

100
Q

Inflammation of the bursa:

101
Q

List the bursa of the glenohumeral joint: (4)

A
  1. subscapular
  2. subacromial
  3. subcoracoid
  4. synovial sheath
102
Q

Bursa deep to the acromion that protects the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles as they slide underneath the acromion:

A

subacromial burse

103
Q

The subacromial bursa tend to be continuous with:

A

subdeltoid bursa

104
Q

Sleeve of bursa around the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle:

A

synovial sheath

105
Q

What does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

glenoid fossa

106
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

107
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is on the anterior aspect of the scapula?

A

subscapular

108
Q

Comes off the spine of the scapula posteriorly and sits on the lateral posterior aspect of the shoulder:

A

acromion process

109
Q

What tendons and muscles strengthen the glenohumeral joint?

A

rotator cuff muscles

110
Q

The coracoid process points ___ while the acromion process sits on the ___ aspect of the shoulder:

A

anteriorly; lateral posteriorly

111
Q

Indentation of the glenoid of the scapula:

A

glenoid fossa

112
Q

Injuries to the rotator cuff muscles can have effect on:

A

stability of hte glenohumeral joint

113
Q

The glenohumeral joint can be describe as:

A

freely mobile yet relatively unstable

114
Q

Is it common for a glenohumeral joint to become dislocated?

115
Q

Which is more common, an anterior or posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation?

116
Q

Describe an anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation:

A

head of humerus becomes dislodged and is dipsositioned inferiorly and pushed anteriorly

117
Q

Anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint most commonly occur in ____ and especially in ___.

A

young adults; athletes

118
Q

Anterior shoulder dislocation of the glenohumeral joint can cause damage to the:

A

axillary nerve

119
Q

The axillary nerve is responsible for what upper limb muscles?

A

deltoid and teres minor

120
Q

Describe the location of the axillary nerve in regard to the upper limb:

A

wraps around anatomical neck of the humerus

121
Q

The sensory supply of the axillary nerve goes to:

A

posterior aspect of shoulder (shoulder joint and the skin covering)

122
Q

The term “frozen shoulder” is synonymous with:

A

adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint

123
Q

Chronic inflammation in the glenohumeral joint can lead to fibrosis between the:

A

joint capsule; rotator cuff muscles; and synovial bursa

124
Q

Frozen shoulders are most commonly seen in:

A

40-60 year olds, more often men

125
Q

What motion is affected with a frozen shoulder:

126
Q

Why might rotator cuff muscle be damaged in a pt with a frozen shoulder?

A

because of compensatory scapular movements

127
Q

What joint might be strained in a frozen shoulder?

A

acromioclavicular joint

128
Q

What conditions may initiate a frozen shoulder? (4)

A

glenohumeral disclocation, supraspinatus tendonitis, bicipital tendinitis, and or rotator cuff tears

129
Q

What are the 2 significant bony prominences on the head of the humerus involved with the elbow joint?

A

trochlea & capitulum

130
Q

What are the 3 bones invovled in the elbow joint?

A

distal end of humerus and proximal ends of radius and ulna

131
Q

The elbow joint (cubital) is where ____ meets ____.

A

brachium meets the antebrachium

132
Q

When we think of the true elbow joint, we are talking about:

A

humeroulnar joint

133
Q

The elbow joint consists of what 3 articulations?

A

humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar

134
Q

The axis of the movement for flexion and extension of the forearm occur at:

A

The elbow: between the ulna and humerus

135
Q

Extension of the forearm is accomplished by:

A

triceps (posterior)

136
Q

What type of movement occurs with the proximal readioulnar articulation and when does this occur?

A

gliding and rotation during pronation and supination

137
Q

Flexion of the forearm is accomplished by:

A

biceps brachialis an d and brachialis (anterior muscles)

138
Q

The radius is ____ and associated with ____ side; while the ulna is ___ & is associated with the ___ side

A

radius: lateral: thumbside

Ulna: medial: pinky side

139
Q

Ligament that runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament on the radius and also has some attachments to the ulna:

A

radial collateral ligament

140
Q

Ligament that attaches from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna

A

Ulnar collateral ligament

141
Q

Ligament that attaches from the lateral aspect of the ulna to the medial aspect of the ulna and wraps around the circumference of the radial head:

A

annular ligament

142
Q

What functions to allow the radial head to spinal during pronation and supination:

A

annular ligament

143
Q

Characterized by the radial head slipping out of the annular ligament- not fully dislocated but out of position

A

subluxation of radial head

144
Q

What is the difference between a subluxation and dislocation?

A

subluxation- pulled out of ligament but still in line with joint

dislocation- pulled out of ligament and out of line with the joint

145
Q

Nursemaid’s elbow:

A

subluxation of radial head

146
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

lateral epicondylitis

147
Q

When tendons of the forearm become inflamed or torn at their lateral epicondyle attachment:

A

lateral epicondylitis

148
Q

Lateral epicondylitis is an injury typically caused by:

A

repetitive motion

149
Q

What tendon in particular becomes inflamed in lateral epicondylitis:

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis

150
Q

What is a FOOSH injury?

A

Falling On Out Stretched Hand

151
Q

Describe a colles fracture:

A

complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of radius

152
Q

In a colles fracture, the distal end of the radius is displaced:

153
Q

A colles fracture can result from:

A

falling on an out stretched hand

154
Q

A colles fracture may also be referred to as:

A

a dinner fork deformity

155
Q

What are the names of the wrist bones and how many of them are there?

156
Q

What are the names of the hand bones (palm) and how many are there?

A

metacarpals-5

157
Q

What is the name of the finger bones and how many are there?

A

phalanges- 14

158
Q

Each digit has ___ segments while the thumb has ____ segments

Human Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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