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202: Theme 2 > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Give an overview of the role of the Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Regulates operation of the internal organs
  • Maintains internal environment
  • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • The main centre of autonomic regulation is the Hypothalamus
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2
Q

Give the three divisions of the ANS

A
  • SYMPATHETIC
    • T1-L2
    • ​Fight or flight response
    • maximises use of metabolic resources
  • PARASYMPATHETIC
    • Brainstem/S2-S4
    • switched on during rest
    • increases/ conserves metabolic resources
  • ENTERIC (The “Little Brain”)
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3
Q

Explain the general premise of the autonomic circuit

A
  • they form dysnaptic pathways instead of synapsing directly onto the effector organs
    • except the sympathetic supply to the adrenal medulla
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4
Q

Give an overview of neurotransmission within Autonomic Ganglia

A
  • ACh is the main neurotransmitter
    • also a lot of neuropeptides
  • BInds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
  • Activates Ionotropic ligand-gated channels
    • ACh opens pore and depolarises neuron
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5
Q

Give an overview of neurotransmission in Postgangionic Sympathetic Neurons

A
  • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter
    • except in sweat glands which use ACh
  • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • activates Metabotropic G-protein coupled channels:
    • Alpha1: Blood vessels
    • Beta1: Heart
    • Beta2: Bronchus
      ​
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6
Q

Give an overview of neurotransmission within the Adrenal Medulla

A
  • ACh is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • causes release of adrenaline/noradrenaline into the circulation
    • direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
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7
Q

Give an overview of neurotransmission in the Postganglionic Parasympathetic neurons

A
  • ACh is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to Muscarinic receptors on the effector organ
  • Acts on metabotropic G-protein coupled channels
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8
Q

Which organs are part of the sympathetic system?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Bronchi of lungs
  • Sweat glands
  • Hair follicles
  • Blood vessels
  • Abdomino-pelvic viscera
  • Eye
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9
Q

Explain the sympathetic trunk/chain

A
  • Interconnected paravertebral ganglia close to bodies of vertebrae extends from cervical to sacral levels (T1-L2)
  • Preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk through white rami communicants they either
    • synapse in the ganglion
    • pass through ganglion into the splanchnic nerves to synapse in the prevertebral ganglia
  • Postganglionic fibres from the sympathetic trunk either
    • go to the periphery via grey rami commnicans back into spinal nerves
    • go to the viscera via medial branches/plexus
  • from the prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form a plexus around the viscera
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10
Q

Give an overview of the sympathetic cervical chain

A
  • the cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and the heart. there are three of them
    • Superior
    • Middle
    • Inferior
  • the Stellate ganglion is a fusion of the inferior vertical and the first thoracic ganglion
    • found anterior to the neck of the first rib
    • blocking this ganglion can treat chronic pain
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11
Q

What are the postganglionic fibres of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A
  • exits via grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves
    • to the upper limbs
  • ‘piggyback’ down common carotid artery to the heart
  • ‘piggyback’ up internal/external carotid artery to the head
    • Internal carotid plexus supplies: eyes and lacrimal gland
    • External carotid plexus supplies: submandibular and parotid glands
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12
Q

Explain what Horner’s syndrome is

A
  • syndrome caused due to a disruption of the sympathetic supply to the head
    • injury within the brainstem/ cervical spinal cord can be from the hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons
  • Signs include:
    • Miosis (contrition of the pupils)
    • Ptosis ( drooping of the eyelid)
    • Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
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13
Q

Give an overview of the thoracic sympathetic spinal cord

  • include the postganglionic fibre pathways
A
  • Thoracic ganglia supply thorax, heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via
    • Grey rami communicants to the spinal nerves
    • medial branches to the heart and lungs
  • Preganglionic fibres exit via
    • Thoracic splanchnic nerves to the abdomen
      • Greater, Lesser, Least splanchnic to the prevertebral ganglia
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14
Q

Explain the thoracic splanchnic nerves

A
  • pierce the diaphragm at level T11
  • synapse in the prevertebral ganglia (this is the ganglia close to the abdominal aorta)
  • postganglionic fibres forms a prevertebral plexus around the viscera
    • this innervates the abdominal viscera including the foregut
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15
Q

Give an overview of the Lumbar sympathetic spinal cord

A
  • Lumbar ganglia supply the abdominal viscera and lower limb
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves
  • Preganglionic fibres exit via Lumbar splanchnic nerves to the abdomen
    • synapses in the prevertebral ganglia
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16
Q

Give an overview of the Sacral sympathetic spinal cord

A
  • Sacral ganglia supply pelvis and lower limb
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves (lower limb)
    • Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs
17
Q

What organs are part of the parasympathetic system?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Bronchi of lungs
  • Sweat glands
  • Hair follicles
  • Blood vessels
  • Abdomino-pelvic viscera
  • Eye
  • Salivary + lacrimal glands
18
Q

Give an overview of the cranial parasympathetic spinal cord

A
  • preganglionic neuronal bodies are within the cranial nerve nuclei
  • preganglionic axons pass through cranial nerves to ganglia
  • the Vagus nerve passes to the heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
19
Q

Give an overview of the sacral parasympathetic spinal cord

A
  • From the sacral spinal cord
  • Preganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Pelvic splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs
  • Form pelvic plexus over viscera
  • Preganglionic fibres synapse in walls of target organs
20
Q

What is the sacral parasympathetic function?

A

Functions

  • Bladder (urination)
    • Contraction of bladder wall
    • Inhibition to bladder sphincter
  • Rectum (defecation)
    • Inhibition of rectal sphincter
  • Sexual function
    • Vasodilation in erectile tissues
21
Q

Meissner is mucusa, Aurebach is butch

Give an overview of the Enteric Nervous System

A
  • In walls of the gastrointestinal tract
  • Two very complicated plexi:
    • Auerbach’s – Regulates muscle contraction
    • Meissner’s – Regulates glandular secretions
  • retains functions after all central connection is severed

202: Theme 2 (8 decks)

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