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PHARM 110 Midterm 2 > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of neurons does the ANS have?

A

motor neurons

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2
Q

Comment on origin of fibers, length of ganglia fibers, & location of ganglia in the parasympathetic and sympathertic system

A

Parasympathetic
- Brain & S2-4
- Long pre-ganglia fibres, short post-ganglia fibres
- Go to the brain, & in visceral effector organs

Sympathetic
- T1-L2
- Short pre-ganglia fibres, long post-ganglia fibres
- Close to spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the ganglia location of the oculo-motor and effector organ ?

A

Location: Ciliary ganglion

Effector organ: Eye (constrict pupils)

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4
Q

What is the ganglia location of the Facial CN and effector organ ?

A

Location:
- Pterygopalatine ganglion
- Submandibular ganglion

Effector organs:
- Nasal, palatine & lacrimal glands, snot
- Salivary glands

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5
Q

What is the ganglia location of the Glosso-pharyngeal and effector organ ?

A

Location:
Otic ganglion

Effector:
- Parotid salivary glands

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6
Q

What is the ganglia location of the Vagus CN and effector organ ?

A

Location: Intramural ganglion S2-S4

Effector organs:
- Most visceral organs (intestines, bladder, genitals

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7
Q

What do the sympathetic neurons produce (which horns)?
Where is it strictly located?

A

Produce lateral horns
Only available at T1-L2

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8
Q

What type of rami do preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system pass through ? where does it want to enter?

A

Pass through: white rami communicantes

To enter to: sympathetic trunk ganglia

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9
Q

Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion what are 3 things that a preganglionic fibre may do?

A
  1. Synapse at the same level
  2. Synapse at a higher or lower level
  3. Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to vertebral column
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10
Q

Explain the steps in “synapse at the same level” in SNS

A
  1. Start at lateral horn & exit through ventral root
  2. Continue to ventral ramus and goes to WHITE ramus communicans
  3. Synapse at SAME LEVEL it ENTERS in the sympathetic trunk ganglion
  4. exit through GRAY ramus communicans to effector
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11
Q

Explain the steps in “synapse at a higher or lower level” in SNS

A
  1. Start at lateral horn & exit through ventral root
  2. Continue to ventral ramus and goes to WHITE ramus communicans
  3. Goes up the sympathetic trunk ganglion and Synapses at the SAME LEVEL IT EXITS
  4. exit through GRAY ramus communicans to effector
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12
Q

Explain the steps in “synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to vertebral column” in SNS

A
  1. Start at lateral horn & exit through ventral root
  2. Continue to ventral ramus and goes to WHITE ramus communicans
  3. Continues past sympathetic trunk ganglion and synapses at a distant collateral ganglion
  4. exit through collateral ganglion to target organ in abdomen
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13
Q

Where do the SNS pathways to head synapse at? Which pathway does it follow?
What do these fibres do?

A

Superior cervical ganglion; synapse at higher/lower level pathway

These fibres:
- innervate skin & blood vessels of head
- Stimulate dilator muscles of iris
- Inhibit nasal & salivary glands

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14
Q

Where do the SNS pathways to Thorax synapse at?
What do these fibers innervate?

A

Cervical trunk ganglia

Innervate:
- Heart (via cardiac plexus) & lungs (via pulmonary plexus)
- Thyroid gland
- Majority of skin

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15
Q

Where do the SNS pathways to abdomen synapse at? Which pathway does it follow?

Which ganglia’s contribute to plexuses in this pathway?

A

Collateral ganglion; “Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to vertebral column” pathway

Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglia
Inferior mesenteric ganglia

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16
Q

Where do the SNS pathways to pelvis synapse at? Which pathway does it follow?

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

synapse at higher/lower level pathway

17
Q

Which pathway does the SNS pathway to adrenal medulla follow? What is the adaptation in this pathway?

What is its role upon stimulation?

A

“Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to vertebral column” pathway
- does NOT synapse (goes directly)

Secrete norepinephrine & epinephrine into blood

18
Q

What are characteristics of the neurons in a somatic nervous system?
(myelinated? Releases? Type of Effect?)

A
  • Heavy myelinated axon for fast stimulus
  • releases ACh for skeletal muscle contractions
  • Stimulatory effects
19
Q

Contrast between the neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in both pre and post ganglia axons.
myelination? release? effect of both?

What are the neurotransmitters in each axon?

A

Stimulatory or inhibtory in visceral organs

Sympathetic:
- pre-ganglia axon is lightly myelinated and releases ACh (cholinergic)
- post-ganglia axon is NOT myelinated and releases NE (adrenergic)

Parasympathetic?
- pre-ganglia axon is lightly myelinated and releases ACh (cholinergic)
- post-ganglia axon is NOT myelinated and releases ACh (cholinergic)

20
Q

What is the exception of neurotransmitters that release in sympathetic post-ganglia axons?

A

They release ACh at sweat glands & some blood vessels in skeletal muscles

21
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors? What types of channels are they?
Where are they found? What is the effect of ACh release?

A

Ligand gates channels

  1. Nicotinic Receptors
    Found on:
    - Motor end plates of skeletal muscles
    - all PRE ganglionic neurons release in SNS & PSNS
    Effect: Always stimulatory
  2. Muscarinic receptors
    Found on:
    - All effector cells stimulated by POSTganglionic cholinergic fibres
    Effect: either be inhibitory or excitatory
22
Q

What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors? What are their effects?
Contrast their stimulation in NE & E

A
  1. Alpha: stimulatory
  2. Beta: inhibitory (except heart)

NE: binds more Alpha than Beta
E: Equally binds alpha and beta receptors

23
Q

What is the effect of binding A1 and A2 receptor types

A

A1:
constricts blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters; dialtes pupils of the eyes

A2:
Inhibits NE release from adrenergic terminals

24
Q

What is the effect of binding B1 B2 and B3 receptors

A

B1: Increases heart rate

B2: Inhibitory; relaxes lungs

B3: Stimulates lipolysis by fat cells

25
Q

What type of innervation do visceral organs have?

A

Dual innervation

26
Q

What does the parasympathetic tone do?

A

Slows heart
dictates normal activity levels of digestive & urinary tracts

27
Q

What does the sympathetic tone do? aka?

A

aka vasomotor tone

Keeps blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction

28
Q

What are the localized and diffuse effects of PSNS vs. SNS:

Why is SNS effects such?

A

PSNS:
- short lived effect
- Highly localized control over effectors

SNS:
- Long-lasting (NE is inactivated more slowly than ACh.. remain until liver destroys it)
- Body wide effects

29
Q

What are visceral reflexes similar to?
Explain pathway

A

Somatic reflexes.

Sensory receptor enter via dorsal root ganglia
Exits through ventral in an efferent pathway (2-neuron chain) (pre and post ganglia)

30
Q

Contrast between short reflex & long reflex

A

Short reflex does not go to spinal cord; has only post-ganglia neuron; stay in organs

Long reflex:
- Goes to sensory pathways and then spinal cord
- has pre and post ganglia neuron

PHARM 110 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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