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PHARM 110 Midterm 2 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 paired lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe
Pariteal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Gyri of insula (deep lobe pulling back temporal lobe)

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the adult brain

A

Cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

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3
Q

What are the cerebral hemisphere markings and their meanings (3)

A

Fissures: deep grooves
Sulcus: shallow grooves
Gyrus: ridges or bumps

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4
Q

What does the central sulcus seperate

A

Separates frontal & parietal

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5
Q

What do the lateral sulcus separate

A

Separates temporal from frontal/parietal

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6
Q

What do the transverse cerebral fissure separate

A

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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7
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate

A

separates left & right cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

What does the calcarine sulcus separate

A

separates primary visual cortex

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9
Q

What is the order that protects the brain

A
  1. SCALP
  2. skull
  3. Blood-brain barrier
  4. Meninges
  5. CSF
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10
Q

What does SCALP stand for

A

Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

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11
Q

What is the role the blood-brain barrier

A
  1. Physically separates neurons from certain bloodborne substances
  2. Acts as a metabolic barrier
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12
Q

What is the composition of the blood brain-barrier (from most deep to superficial). What is the role of astrocyte feet in this? What do they allow in?

A

Endothelial cells (simple squamous)
- Have tight junctions between them that allow lipid soluble molecules in
Basement membrane
Pericytes: (supporting cells)
Astrocyte feet:
- Induce formation of tight junctions
- insulate to change permeability of capilleries

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13
Q

What do receptor mediated and adsorptive transcytosis transport in blood brain barrier?
What is the main note for transport?

A

Receptor: insulin, transferrin, antidbodies
Adsorptive: albumin, cationized proteins

Drugs must be not bound to plasma protein

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14
Q

What does dura mater form when separated

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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15
Q

What is the meningeal layer of dura mater. What does it separate?

A

Falx cerebri in longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers in dura mater

A

Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer

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17
Q

What is arachnoid mater and dura mater separated by?

A

Subdural space (potential space)

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18
Q

What does subarachnoid space contain

A

CSF + blood vessels

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19
Q

What does the arachnoid villi help with

A

1 way valve that allows CSF to move from subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus

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20
Q

What is the role of pia mater

A

all the bumps & grooves of the brain
softest meninges

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21
Q

where is the location of the meningeal arteries that supply blood to dura mater

A

Epidural space (potential space)

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22
Q

What are some functions of the CSF (4)

A
  1. Gives buoyancy to brain
  2. Protects CNS from blows & trauma
  3. Nourishes brain & carries chemical signals
  4. Clears wastes
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23
Q

What is the blood filtrate produced by. Where is it located. How much does it produce a day? What is it’s constant volume

A

Produced by: Choroid Plexus

Location: ventricles + subarachnoid space

Produces: 500mL/day
Constant volume: 125-150mL

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24
Q

How does the CSF filter?

A

It absorbs wastes and unnecessary solutes (goes in)

It filters glucose, vitamins, and small ions (goes out)

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25
Q

What cells lines CSF. What type are they

A

Ependymal cells

Simple cuboidal/columnar

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26
Q

What is dorsal and ventral direction interchangeable with?

A

Dorsal (superior)
Ventral (inferior)

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27
Q

Name the 5 ventricles in order from dorsal-ventral (superior - inferior).
Name their location as well

A

Lateral ventricles (cerebral hemispheres)
Interventicular foramen (foramen of monro)
Third ventricle (in diencephalon)
Cerebral aqueduct (connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle via midbrain)
Fourth ventricle (pons, medulla, cerebellum)

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28
Q

Where does the sigmoid sinus lead to?

A

Internal jugular vein

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29
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses (5)

A

Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus

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30
Q

What are cerebral hemispheres composed of broadly

A

White matter
cerebral cortex
Subcortical nuclei

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31
Q

What is the cerebral white matter fibres composed of and what do they connect/communicate to

CAP

A

Commissural fibers: connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres

Association fibers: connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Projection fibers: connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

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32
Q

What does conscious behaviour involve

A

the entire cerebral cortex

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33
Q

Which cortex is involved in the motor areas (4)

A

Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field

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34
Q

What/where contains the primary motor cortex?
What is the associated movement?

A

PREcentral gyrus

Conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements

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35
Q

Where is the premotor cortex.
What is the associated motor skill?

A

Anterior to PREcentral gyrus

Controls learned, repititous, or patterned motor skills

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36
Q

Where is the Broca’s Area?
What is the associated motor skill?

A

Anterior to inferior region of premotor area in frontal lobe

Motor speech that directs tongue muscles

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37
Q

Where is the frontal eye field?
What is the associated motor skill?

A

Anterior to premotor cortex

Controls voluntary eye movements

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38
Q

What does the sensory area do and what is involved

A

Conscious awareness of sensation

Involves somatic sensation, taste, vision, hearing

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39
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex

What information does it recieve

A

POSTcentral gyri

receives sensory information from skin, muscles, joints

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40
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association cortex

A

Integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex

Determines size, texture, & relationship of parts of object being felt
(determines what is touching you)

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41
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex

A

Posterior, Occipital lobe
in calcarine sulcus

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42
Q

Where is the visual association area
What is its role for the 2 pathways

A

surrounds primary visual cortex
2 streams

Dorsal stream: “where” pathway
Ventral stream: “what” pathway

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43
Q

Where are the auditory areas and what is the role of the primary auditory cortex and auditory association area

A

Temporal lobes

primary auditory cortex
- interprets info as pitch, loudness, and location

auditory association area
- allows for perception of sounds, memories of sounds

44
Q

Where and what is the role of the olfactory cortex

A

Temporal lobe

Awareness of odours

45
Q

What part of the brain is involed with taste

A

Gustatory cortex

46
Q

What are the steps in in the multimodal association areas

What is the roles of these areas

A

Sensory receptors –> Primary sensory cortex –> sensory association cortex –> multimodal association cortex

Role:
1. give meaning to information received
2. store it as memory
3. Compare it to previous experience
4. Decide on what action to take

47
Q

What are 3 parts associated with the multimodal assocation areas

A

Anterior Association area (prefrontal cortex)
Posterior association area
Limbic system

48
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex

A

Intellect
personality
judgement

49
Q

What is the role of the posterior association area

A

recognizing patters, faces, and localizing us in space

50
Q

What area of the brain is associated with understanding written & spoken language

Where is it

A

Wernicke’s area

Posterior Association Area

51
Q

What is the role of broca’s area and motor cortex with the wernickes area

A

Broca’s area
forming the motor pattern of tongue

Motor cortex
develops muscle to speak the word

52
Q

Which part plays a role in emotion. ex. perceived threats, resolving mental conflicts when mad

Where is it?

A

Cingulate gyrus

In the limbic association area

53
Q

What does basal nuclei consist of?
What type of nuclei are associated with it?

A

Corpus striatum (striped gray/white bdoy)

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus

54
Q

What are associated with lentiform nucleus. Where are they in reference to each other

A

Putamen (external)
globus pallidus (internal/tip)

55
Q

What are the functions of basal nuclei

A

Allows motor patterns to be smooth

56
Q

Where are the diencephalon and what are associated with it

A

Encloses 3rd ventricle

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

57
Q

What is the role of thalamus

A

Relay information

58
Q

What are the medial and lateral geniculate body used for in the thalamus

A

Medial: auditory
Lateral: visual

59
Q

What is the role of the infundibulum

A

stack connecting hypothalamus to pituitary gland

60
Q

What are the roles of the mammillary bodies

A

memory, limbic (emotion) & smell

61
Q

What are the nuclei associated with the hypothalamus and their roles

A

Mammillary bodies (memory, limbic & smell)
Supraoptic & paraventicular nuclei (produces posterior pituitary hormones)
Suprachaismatic nucleus (pineal gland) (regulates sleep)

62
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Center for emotional response (4Fs):
Feeding
Fearing
Fighting
Fornication

Autonomic control centre for many visceral (organ) functions

63
Q

What is associated with the epithalamus.
What is its role

A

Pineal gland
secretes melatonin

64
Q

What is the main function of the brain stem.
What ventricle is it part of

A

controls automatic behaviours necessary for survival
Cerebral aqueduct

65
Q

What do the crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles contain (brain foot)

A

contain pyramidal motor tracts

66
Q

What are associated with the corpora quadrigemina.?

What are their roles?

A

Superior colliculi (visual reflex)
Inferior colliculi (auditory relay)

67
Q

What is the role of substantia nigra

A

dopamine (striatum)

68
Q

What is the role of red nucleus

A

relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways & part of reticular formation

69
Q

What surpresses pain

A

periaqueductal gray

70
Q

Which ventricle is associated with the pons
What is the function of the pons

A

4th ventricle
Normal rhythm of breathing

71
Q

What connects the higher brain centres & spinal cord for a motor pathway

A

pyramidal tract

72
Q

What is the main nuclei in the medulla oblongata and what is its function

A

Inferior olivary nuclei
- relay sensory information from muscles & joints to cerebellum

73
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata for cardiovascular and respiratory centres

A

Automatic reflex centre (involuntary)

Cardiovascular:
- adjust heart rate
- Vasomotor centre: adjust blood vessel diameter

Respiratory Centres
- generate respiratory rhythm
- control rate and depth of breathing

Additionally: vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing & sneezing

74
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Subconsciously provides precise movements for the skeletal muscle

also plays a role in word association & puzzle solving

75
Q

What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?

A

Vermis

76
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerbellum

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

77
Q

What is the anatomy of the cerebellum

A

Folia: transversely oriented gyri of GRAY matter

Arbor vitae: distinctive treelike pattern of WHITE matter

78
Q

What are the 3 paired fiber tracts that connect cerebellum to brain stem?
What parts specifically connects to cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebella peduncles: Midbrain

Middle cerebellar peduncles: pons

Inferior cerebellar peduncles: medulle

79
Q

What are the relatioships between blood supply & cortex function (name the 3 arteries and its relationship)

A

Anterior cerebral artery: body/feet motor

Middle cerebral artery: anything face/hand motor

Posterior cerebral artery:
Vision

80
Q

What are the general functions of the limbic system

A
  1. Establish emotional states
  2. Linking conscious with unconscious functions
  3. Facilitating memory storage & retrieval
81
Q

What does amygdala play a role in

A

emotion + memory

82
Q

What does hippocampus play a role in

A

learning and memory

83
Q

Which lobes do the limbic system interact with?

For what purpose?

A

Prefrontal lobes

For emotion & cognition

84
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation

A

Regulate visceral motor functions

85
Q

What is the role of the reticular activating system?

A

Keeps important things conscious

86
Q

What part of the brain times your sleep cycle

What chemical is released to wake up

A

hypothalamus

Orexins

87
Q

Which part of sleep is associated with dreaming

A

Rapid-eye-movement

88
Q

What are the 4 factors of transfer from STM to LTM

A
  1. Emotional state
  2. Rehearsal
  3. Association
  4. Automatic memory
89
Q

What occurs molecularly during learning

A

-mRNA is changed & moved to axons + dendrites
- Dendritic spines change shape
- Extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in LTM
- Number & size of presynaptic terminals may increase
- More neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic neurons

90
Q

In declarative memory for conscious thoughts,

What part functions for consolidation & access to memory?

What is necessary for memory formation & retrieval?

A

Hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes

ACh from basal forebrain

91
Q

In non declarative memory for unconscious thoughts,

What occurs for procedural memory? What is necessary in this process

A

Basal nuclei relay sensory & motor inputs to thalamus & premotor cortex

Dopamine from substantia nigra is necessary

92
Q

What is the effect in motor activity of direct and indirect pathway (up/down)

What is the effect in dopamine to the both pathways? (excites/inhibits)

A

Direct:
Turns UP motor activity
Dopamine EXCITES pathway to increase thalamic output to cortex (motor)

Indirect
Turns DOWN motor activity
Dopamine INHIBITS pathway to increase thalamic output to cortex (motor)

93
Q

What type (excitatory/inhibitory) does each part of the brain have?
What do each release?

Cerebral cortex
Lentiform nuclei (putamen, GPE, GPI)
Thalamus
Subthalamic nuceli
Substantia Nigra

A

Excitatory: release Glu
Inhibitory: release GABA

Cerebral cortex EXCITATORY
Lentiform nuclei (putamen, GPE, GPI) INHIBITORY
Thalamus EXCITATORY
Subthalamic nuceli EXCITATORY
Substantia Nigra BOTH

94
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begin: Foramen magnum
End: Conus medullaris

95
Q

What is the role of denticulate ligaments in the spinal cord?
What is the difference in dura mater between brain & spinal?

A

They are lateral extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater

Dura mater is not fused into the bone in the spinal cord

96
Q

Where is the cauda equina?

A

A collection of nerve roots in subarachnoid space

97
Q

What regions of the spinal cord are lateral horns found

A

Only in thoracic & lumbar regions
T1-L2

98
Q

What are the ascending pathways for? descending?

A

Ascending: sensory
Descending: motor

99
Q

What is the big picture for first, second, and third order neuron in an ascending pathway

A

Third order:
- Synapse/cell body in thalamus
- Extend to somatosensory cortex

Second-order neuron
- cell body in dorsal horn
- Extend to thalamus or cerebellum

First order:
- Conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors & proprioceptors (spatial recognition)
- Goes until spinal cord or medulla

100
Q

Explain the Dorsal-column Medial Lemniscal pathway (DCML)
What are involved? Where is the cross over?

A

It is for touch & vibrations

Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

Axons extend to thalamus

Crossover at internal arcuate fibres (medulla)

Fasciculus Gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus

101
Q

Explain the Lateral spinothalamic tract?
What are involved? Where is the cross over?

A

Pain & temperature

Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

Axon extend to thalamus

Crossover at level of entry

muscle receptor enters dorsal root

102
Q

Explain the Spinocerebellar tract
What are involved?

A

subconscious proprioceptive (helps with balance)

Dorsal horn to cerebellum

Lower trunk Muscle to dorsal root

103
Q

What neurons are involved in descending pathways

A

Upper motor neurons: cortex to spinal cord
Lower motor neurons: spinal cord to skeletal muscle

104
Q

Describe both direct pathways for ventral and lateral corticospinal tract

A

-Regulates fast & fine skilled movements
-Starts at pyramidal cells and goes down the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle
-Both synapse at the level at which it EXITS

Ventral corticospinal tract:
Upper motor neurons: pyramid cells to lumbar spinal cord

Lower motor neuron: ventral horn synapse and exits at ventral root

Lateral corticospinal tract:
Upper motor neurons: pyramid cells to lumbar spinal cord

Crossover of pyramids

Lower motor neuron: ventral horn synapse and exits at ventral root

105
Q

For an indirect descending system

Which tract corresponds with the following:

Mediate head movements in response to visual stimuli

Maintain balance during standing & moving

Motor to skeletal muscle of cranial nerves

A

Tectospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

106
Q

What are the levels of motor control from highest to lowest? What brain parts are involved? What do they do?

A

Precommand level (highest)
- cerebellum and basal nuclei
- programs and instrunctions

Projection level (middle)
- Motor cortex (pyrimidal pathways) and brain stem nuclei
- conveys instructions to spinal cord motor neurons and sends a copy of info to higher levels

Segmental level (lowest)
- Spinal cord
- Contains central pattern generators

PHARM 110 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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