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Principals > The Associational Impulse > Flashcards

The Associational Impulse Flashcards

1
Q

1880-1920, the modern concept of an occupational or professional association was almost entirely a creation of the post civil war period. (1895-1900) (Most significant period of modern funeral service).

A

Occupational Organization (Most Important 40 Years)

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2
Q
  1. Trade Union Movement
  2. Trade Associations
  3. Professional Associations
A

3 Categories of Occupational Organization that Sprang up at the end of the 19th Century:

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3
Q

For skilled and unskilled labor (origins of the AFL-CIO)

A

Trade Union Movement

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4
Q

Aimed at business and industry. (Like rotary)

A

Trade Associations

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5
Q

Embracing the service worker (like guilds).

A

Professional Associations

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6
Q
  1. The use of educational prerequisites
  2. The establishment of a regulatory system- set standards
A

2 Instruments Avaliable to Professionals and Para-professionals in Establishing Credibility

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7
Q

And training institutions in the indoctrination of new recruits into the profession- control the number of entries (and weed out the unfit).

A

The use of Educational Prerequisites

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8
Q

Developed by the state as an outgrowth of police power, namely boards of committees, empowered by state law to set standards for admission to practice, license, establish legal codes based on professional ethics, and in general establish and maintain control over the vocation.

A

The Establishment of a Regulatory System

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9
Q
  1. The general public health movement
  2. The specific Movement for Cremation
A

Two Socio-Cultural Movements exerted Infuence on Associational Development Among Funeral Directors

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10
Q

Blossomed during the mid 19th cetury because of the slaughter in the civil war and the spread of communicable disease in large cities, had its basis in the cardinal tenet of the dignity and worth of man. (Sanitation movement- now under control of State Boards of Health)

A

The General Public Health Movement

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11
Q

Suggesting the establishment of a system of sanitary police, with state and local health departments enforcing regulations and analyzing statistics had an impact nationally.

A

1850- Report of the Massachusetts Sanitary Commission

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12
Q

Inevitability to arrive in New York from the immigrants coming from Europe, the state of New York created a Metropolitan Health Bill having a board not subject to judicial review. It was the most comprehensive and powerful piece of state sanitary legislation in the United States (Very Important).

A

1866- Because of the Cholera Epidemic

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13
Q

Passed by congress and later amended in 1901 became the basis for the present day federal authority in the health field.

A

1893- Federal Quarantine Act

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14
Q

Organized during the civil war by Rev. Dr. Henry Bellows, Minister of the “All Souls Church in New York City”, rendered innumerable services to union soldiers and their families.

A

Sanitary Commission

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15
Q
  1. Report of the Massachusetts Sanitary Commission
  2. Cholera Epidemic- Metropolitan Health Bill
  3. Federal Quarantine Act
  4. Sanitary Commission
A

The General Public Health Movement

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16
Q
  1. Crowding of cities by new immigrants
  2. The spread of communicable disease
  3. Increase numbers of the dead

More than just businessmen selling caskets and outside enclosures. Arterial embalming was seen as a necessary sanitation measure, especially when the body was shipped or transported some distance by common carrier. (Ice/Refridgeration declining).

A

1880- 1920 (The Great Migration Period) Funeral Service Practitioners Were Forced to see Themselves as More than just Businessmen

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17
Q

Translated Gannal’s book, was a leader in the sanitation movement and encouraged embalming.

A

Dr. Richard Harlan

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18
Q

Still continued amongst Arian people from thousands of years before. The U.S. movement began with the Pennslyvania and New York “Dutch” with Arian roots.

A

Cremation

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19
Q
  1. Dr. F. Julisus Lemoyne
  2. Dr. M. L. Davis
  3. The New York Cremation Society- The United States Cremation Company
  4. Cremation rates between 1876 and 1900
  5. 3 groups that support cremation
  6. Dr. Hugo Erichsen
  7. The Continental Association of Funeral and Memorial Societies
A

The Specific Movement for Cremation

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20
Q

A prominent Washington, Pennslyvania physician, erected America’s first crematory, constructed primarily for the incineration of his own body.

A

1876- Dr. F. Julius Lemoyne

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21
Q

Erected a crematory in Lancaster, Pennslyvania. He founded a cremation society and published a journal called “The Modern Crematist.”

A

1886- Dr. M. L. Davis

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22
Q

Formed in 1881. It’s purpose was educational, to advocate and promote cremation as a substitution for burial.

A

The New York Cremation Society

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23
Q

Organized in 1885 as a commercial enterprise at Fresh Pond, Long Island.

  • First commercial establishment
A

The United States Cremation Company

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24
Q

Cremation in the united states totaled 13,281. This was less than 1 percent of deaths by the turn of the century.

  • By the year 2000, 100 years later, cremations were projected to be about 22% nationally. (California, Oregon, Seattle have the highest percentage while the lowest percentage is in the Midwest).
  • Actual figures for 2000 were 25.39% cremations (varies by state).
A

Between 1876 and 1900

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25
Q
  1. Atheistic medical professionals and sanitarians
  2. Germic ethnic groups
  3. Liberal protestant clergy
A

Between 1876 and 1900, Support for Cremation Cam From Three Groups:

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26
Q

Pubished articles protesting the extravagance of the 19th century funeral customs based on the Judeo-Christian tradition.

A

Atheistic Medical Professionals and Sanitarians

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27
Q

Established burial assurance societies, and some of these groups whose cultural history included acceptance of flame burial as a legitimate mode of disposal of the dead, joined or founded cremation societies.

A

German Ethnic Groups

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28
Q

Mostly in New England, deeply involved in the burial reform movement, Rev. O.B. Frothingham was the first to preach on the subject of cremation in a twenty-eight page sermon titled “The Disposal of Our Dead” in New York in 1874.

A

Liberal Protestant Clergy

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29
Q

“Father of the Memorial Society Movement” in the United States, born 1860, died 1942.

A

Dr. Hugo Erichsen

30
Q

Fulfilled his dream of a national association embracing all who favored cremation by founding the “Cremation Society of America” consumer group.

A

Dr. Hugo Erichsen- 1913

31
Q

Detroit, Michigan convention of the cremation association of America, he was elected president. C.A.A. was a commercial organization of some 40 odd crematories whose owners saw their mission as a trade organization dedicated to successful business enterprise. They were not that interested in Erichsen’s burial reform movement philosophy since they also owned cemeteries.

A

August 27-28 1913- Dr. Hugo Erichsen

32
Q

Egg Harbor, Wisconsin. Named changed to “The Funeral and Memorial Association of America.”

A

The Continental Association of Funeral and Memorial Societies, Inc.

33
Q

This organization can trace its roots to Dr. Hugo Erichsen’s Cremation Society of America.

A

The Funeral and Memorial Association of America

34
Q
  1. To protect the consumer against the abuses of the funeral industry. This group works with AARP
  2. To have representation and vote on state boards of morticians as a member of the public (public member).
  3. To seek direct disposition licensure wherever possible. Removals and do cremations without a Funeral Director’s License.
  4. To supply information and gather data for the Federal Trade Commission. NFDA does it also.
A

Goals of the Funeral and Memorial Association of America

35
Q

The Funeral and Memorial Association of America’s inspiration has come from the British Socialist writer, who in the early 1960’s wrote “American Way of Death”. Died in 1996. Another writer is updating the book.

A

Jessica Mitford

36
Q

Some of the more progressive undertakers saw themselves in a new role. This new role involved them closely with the bereaved whom they now conceived as distraught human beings needing professional service rather than as customers for their retail wares. (This will become the seeds of professionalism). New role of the Funeral Driector from undertaker retailer.

A

Origins and Early Development of Nineteenth Century Associational Development Among Funeral Directors

37
Q

First formal organization of undertakers founded January, 1864- it established the “Black Book” a listing or register of objectionable and delinquent clients- all members had access to credit information from the book. (Origins of the credit industry but not unique to the funeral industry (not legal today)).

A

Undertakers Mutual Protective Association of Philadelphia

38
Q

1868- a much larger organization than in Philadelphia. Established the same goals and objectives, that is, mutual protection against delinquent accounts.

A

Chicago Undertakers Association

39
Q

Most major cities copied the Philadelphia and Chicago models for mutual protection against delinquent accounts.

A

1865-1880 (Prior to the Great Migration)

40
Q

Attempted to bring harmony between the three types of undertakers, this was especially noted in New York where the sexton dominated; settling disputes and differences was the primary objective.

A

Many Associations Prior to 1885

41
Q

Well known Grand Rapids, Michigan undertaker and compounder of embalming fluid, organized the first state association convention at Jackson, Michigan, January 14, 1880. He became the first president of the newly born Michigan association. His ultimate goal was the formation of a national association.

A

Allen Durfee

42
Q
  1. Constitution Committee for a permanent organiation.
  2. Resolutions committee
  3. Publish convention proceedings
  4. Professional duties
  5. Ethical advertising
  6. Price lists (Price fixing)
  7. Memorialization
A

Michigan Funeral Directors Association: Certain Committees were Established January 14, 1880:

43
Q

Embraced both the retail trade model as well as the professional association model. The dilemma: is this a business association or an association of professionals doing a service.

A

The Constitution and By Laws

44
Q

On June 22, 1882, 241 persons attended the first national convention of funeral directors held at city hall in Rochester, NY. Three Significant events took place:

  1. A chain of command was organized
  2. NFDA- Mortorions
  3. Formation of Suppliers Association
A

Development of the National Funeral Directors Association

45
Q

A national association would function as a parent association over state associations who would be parent over local associations. (National to State to Local).

A

A Chain of Command was Organized

46
Q

The first name “Funeral Directors National Association” was established only later to be called this. (1893). The term undertaker would not be used. Used the term Mortorion.

A

NFDA

47
Q

A precedent was set in that manufacturers of mortician goods or funeral suppliers, because they could trace their origins to the furnishing undertaker, would also be invited to every future convention to display their wares.

A

Formation of Suppliers Association

48
Q

Pressures, interest and motive as they related to associational development. These were the most important 20 years in Association development.

A

1880-1900

49
Q
  1. The need to protect themselves
  2. The urge to bring a sense of professionalism to what had formally been
A

Two Basic Motivating Factors Impelling Funeral Directors Into Associational Action:

50
Q

From excessive and therefore harmful competition from within their own ranks, and from destructive business practices by manufacturers and jobbers.

A

The Need to Protect Themselves

51
Q

To what had formally been, to many, a mere trade or sideline.

  • Example: combination business
A

The Urge to Bring a Sense of Professionalism

52
Q

Traced directly to liveryman, sexton, cabinet maker who continued to have a combination furniture store and undertaking business.

  • Modern equivalent: Cemetery/Funeral Home
A

Combination Business

53
Q

Demanded a uniform standard of practice particularly in the area of embalming. This supported the need for an educational system to train embalmers and licensing system.

A

Problems of Transporting Dead Bodies in Common Carriers

54
Q
  • Most men were American born from mid-atlantic and New England states.
  • They were not the sons of already established undertakers but rather farm born, self made men.
  • Most entered as combination businessmen from the livery trade and the cabinet maker/furniture trade.
  • High degree of independence and individualism became characteristic of this new occupation by the turn of the century called the Funeral Director.
A

Characteristics of Early Leadership Among new Funeral Directors

55
Q

This concept, passed down from father to son, is characteristic from 1910-1935 but not of the period 1865-1910.

A

The Family Owned Business

56
Q

The establishment of a six hundred word ___ __ ____ came about at the third national association convention held in Chicago, October 2, 1884. It was patterned after other professional codes of that period, alternating between statements of general type indicating the character and occupational morality and those aimed at injunctions against specific kinds of action. The code was reaffirmed as law at the Toronto meeting in 1889.

  • Example: Commercial advertising.
A

Code of Ethics

57
Q
  • Jobbers
  • Trade papers
  • Trade magazines
A

Communication Within the Trade

58
Q

The drummer or casket salesman were instrumental in this role. Traveling large territories after the civil war disseminating the latest concerns and procedures in undertaking. 75% to 80% of all undertaker establishments between 1865 and 1890 were still combination businesses. These people, selling embalming fluids, caskets, and vaults, and demonstration techniques were the sole source of communication within the trade prior to the rise of the trade journals and magazines.

A

Jobbers

59
Q

The first trade paper was published by Henry E. Taylor from 1871 to 1885 when it then became the “Sunnyside”.

A

“The Undertaker”

60
Q

Began publication in Rochester, NY in 1876; was the most professionally oriented of the journals. Also one of the most popular. Editors were Albert H. Nirdlinger and Thomas Glidon. (Later the above publicatons combined to be called “Casket and Sunnyside”) This magazine dominated the funeral profession until the 1960’s.

A

The Casket

61
Q

Established in 1879 and one year later in 1880, became “The American Funeral Director” (Still printed today).

A

The Western Undertaker

62
Q

A journal oriented toward the embalmer published in Sioux City, Iowa, April 1892. First published by Capt. A.J. Millard and editor W. W. Haris. It was here we find the academic works of the embalming scholars. After a merger with the American Undertaker in 1903, it continued to be published up until 1955.

A

The Embalmer’s Monthly

63
Q

The trade journals and magazines became the primary force in communicating ideas and promoting professionalism in funeral service.

A

After 1890

64
Q
  • Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
  • National Association of General Baggage Agents
  • An act pertaining to the care, preparation, and disposition of the dead
A

Growth Problems and Change 1880-1900

65
Q

An act passed by congress to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies, found those engaged in funeral service most guilty: the four resolutions passed at the convention of 1883 indicated collusion between the manufacturers’ association and the funeral directors’ association (the “coffin trust”) to fix prices, restrain trade, and force non-cooperating funeral directors out of business. (Protectionism)

A

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

66
Q

Rules and regulations for the transportation of bodies dead of contagious disease, this association submitted seven general rules for railways to follow when shipping remains. In 1897 the NFDA convinced public health agencies and baggage handlers that embalming would solve the problem. (Similar thing done for steamboats).

A

National Association of Feneral Baggage Agents

67
Q

Was a treatise written by Hudson Sampson and distributed to all state associations to be used as a guide for the establishment of state boards.

  1. Establish a uniform curriculum to train embalmers (Entering school phase)
  2. Establish criteria to examine graduates that state boards could use
A

An Act Pertaining to the Care, Preparation, and Disposition of the Dead; and to Insure the Better Education of the Funeral Director

68
Q

This first licensing board established in 1887 in the Province of Ontario, Canada. First licensing board in the USA was established in Virginia, March 5, 1894.

A

Board of Examiners

69
Q
  • Diploma
  • 1900- well organized- identity dilemma
A

Traces of Professionalism at the Turn of the Century

70
Q

From a “so called” embalming school could still mean anything from a three day demonstration by a salesman whose real purpose was to sell a certain brand of embalming fluid, to graduation from a three month course of instruction offered by an established medical school.

  • Example: Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. Prior to 1920, the first mortuary science program in Maryland.
A

Diploma

71
Q

Funeral service was as well organized as any other occupation but still the dilemma existed on identity. Who and what were these funeral directors:

  • Retail businessmen selling funeral goods (like conglomerates)
  • True professionals offering and emphasizing esrvices to the bereaved family.
A

By 1900

Principals (20 decks)

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