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FCAMPT > The Articular System > Flashcards

The Articular System Flashcards

1
Q

The articular system is comprised of:

A

Bone
Cartilage
Synovial Fluid
Synovial Membrane

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2
Q

Highly vascularlized, mineralized connective tissue that is living and constantly changing in response to external stress

A

Bone

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3
Q

Consists of cells and extracellular matrix

A

Bone

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4
Q

Compact bone on the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity and provides strength

A

Cortical bone

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5
Q

_______ bone always surrounds cancellous bone (below) but the relative quantity of each type varies among bones and within individual bones according to functional requirements

A

Cortical

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6
Q

Can only deform 2% before fracture occurs

A

Compact bone

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7
Q

Dense bone

A

Compact bone

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8
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Cancellous Bone

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9
Q

Does not contain osteons, always located in the interior of the bone

A

Cancellous bone

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10
Q

Facilitates cellular action of adding to or withdrawing from calcium and phosphate reservoir within the body

A

Cancellous bone

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11
Q

Tough outer connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds bone surface

A

Periosteum

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12
Q

Hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis (shaft) that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessels

A

Medullary cavity

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13
Q

The periosteum is attached to underlying bone by perforating fibres – thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix known as:

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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14
Q

Protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity, contains single layer of bone-forming cells and small amount of connective tissue

A

Endosteum

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16
Q

Mature bone cells, main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism

A

Osteocytes

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17
Q

in the bone matrix: Fibre direction is random in the young but highly-ordered and parallel in the older population and consists mainly of collagen fibre bundles

A

Organic component

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18
Q

There is a greater loss of the ______ fibres in osteoporosis

A

transverse fibres

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19
Q

Compression strength and modulus of elasticity is the greatest in bones when the fibres are mainly _______ and lowest when the fibres are mainly _______

A

transverse

longitudinal

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20
Q

Composes 70% of the bony matrix; made up of inorganic component (55%) and water (15%)

A

Ground substance

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21
Q

consists of salts and minerals which impregnate the collagen fibres and crystallize to provide tissue hardness and rigidity

A

Inorganic component (of ground substance)

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22
Q

The remaining 15% of bone; provides the flexibility (distortion tolerance) of the bone

A

Water

23
Q

The _________ allows bone to increase in length until adulthood, bone is added on to diaphysis side

A

epiphyseal plate

24
Q

__________ cartilage remains between the diaphysis and epiphysis as the epiphyseal growth plate

A

hyaline

25
Q

bone can resist _______ load better than a torsional or longitudinal load

A

compressive

26
Q

Loss of ______ strength causes the bones to become very brittle and susceptible to fracture

A

tensile

27
Q

________ fractures occur when the high energy from a high load can not be dissipated fast enough through a single crack in the bone

A

comminuted

28
Q

_______ fracture occurs when the remodeling process is outpaced by the load frequency

A

fatigue

29
Q

Bone is laid down where needed and reabsorbed where not needed

A

Wolff’s Law

30
Q

When bone is placed under _________ bone tissue becomes stronger through increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibres by osteoblasts

A

stress (weight bearing exercise)

31
Q

Bone loss begins after 30 in females, accelerates greater around 45 as levels of _______ decrease and continues until as much as 30% of the calcium in bone is lost by age 70

A

estrogen

32
Q

In males, bone loss typically does not begin until age _______

A

60

33
Q

Loss of ______ from bones is one of the problems in osteoporosis

A

calcium

34
Q

Brittleness results from a decrease rate of _________

A

protein synthesis

35
Q

the two principle effects of aging on bone tissue are:

A

loss of bone mass and brittleness

36
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Supports soft tissue
Protects internal organs
Serves as levers for movement
Contains red bone marrow which produces blood cells
Stores mineral salts, calcium, phosphate
Contains yellow bone marrow which stores triglycerides

37
Q

________ are responsible for building articular cartilage during development and maintaining the integrity of the tissue in adulthood

A

chondrocytes

38
Q

provides the structural framework of the tissue giving the tissue its shape and tensile stiffness and therefore provides resistance to tensile loads; it additionally anchors the cartilage to the subchondral bone

A

collagen fibrils (mainly type II)

39
Q

Consists of proteoglycans and water

A

Interfibrillary matrix

40
Q

Provides resilience, lubrication, elasticity, and resists compression

A

interfibrillary matrix

41
Q

metabolism of chondrocytes is dependent upon diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the synovial fluid and subchondral bone through the tissue matrix and this diffusion is aided by ________ , which create the flow of extracellular fluid in and out of the tissue

A

joint motion and load

42
Q

What type of articular cartilage is found over the ends of long bone

A

Hyaline cartilage

43
Q

Which type of cartilage affords flexibility and strength

A

Hyaline

44
Q

Which type of cartilage provides strength and rigidity

A

Fibrocartilage

45
Q

Found in annulus fibrosis of the IV disc, symphysis pubis, knee menisci, TMJ disc

A

Fibrocartilage

46
Q

Compression of the articular cartilage tissue forces large volumes of _______ to exit the middle zone towards the superficial zone and into the ________ space; this fluid returns after removal of compression

A

water

synovial

47
Q

The only vascularized region of articular cartilage

A

calcified zone

48
Q

Articular cartilage has a low capacity for regeneration except in _________ with a delicate balance of synthesis and breakdown

A

perichondrium

49
Q

What are the functions of articular cartilage?

A

Protection: collagen provides tensile strength; matrix provides smoothness and firmness

Reduced Friction: provides a smooth and gliding surface with a very low coefficient of friction

Resistance to Compression and Shear Forces: afforded by the elastic and viscoelastic properties of cartilage

50
Q

Immobilization of joints leads to atrophy of the articular cartilage and therefore continuous ______ motion is believed to be beneficial to healing

A

passive

51
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

Nutrition of articular cartilage, discs, menisci
Lubrication: all apposed surfaces that have movement are lubricated by synovial fluid
Heat dissipation

52
Q

What are the reactions to injury to the synovium?

A

Post-traumatic synovitis – increased white blood cells; increased proteins results in decreased viscosity due to fall in concentration of hyaluronate

Hemmorhage effusions

53
Q

lines the non-articular components of synovial joints, as well as bursae and tendon sheaths
Is absent from intra-articular discs or menisci

A

synovial membrane

FCAMPT (3 decks)

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