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FCAMPT > Basic Biomechanics > Flashcards

Basic Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the movement of one articular surface on another without regard to the movement of the bone or the forces producing the movement

A

Arthrokinematics

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2
Q

In the periphery, movement is named after the direction of motion of the _______ bone

A

distal

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3
Q

In the spine, the movement is named by motion of the _______ bone

A

superior

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4
Q

Study of the forces that produce a movement at a joint – traction, distraction, shear

A

Arthrokinetics

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5
Q

Study of the motion of objects

A

Kinematics

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6
Q

Study and measurement of motion of a bone in space

Study of movement of a bone around it’s mechanical axis without consideration to the motion occurring at the joint surface or the forces producing the movement

A

Osteokinematics

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7
Q

Osteokinematics consists of:

A 
Osteokinematic rotation (spin and swing)
Translation
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8
Q
  • The number of planes through which a bone can be voluntarily moved actively
  • There are potentially three dimensions through which a bone can be moved about a joint
A

Degrees of motion

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9
Q
  • A line of reference for osteokinematic motion

- A line passing through the bone perpendicular to the joint surface

A

Mechanical Axis

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10
Q
  • Point where all net forces on the bone are zero
  • Bone moves around this point
  • Perpendicular to the plane of motion
A

Axis of movement

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11
Q

Tipping of the concave surface that occurs at the end of motion
Always occurs in the same direction as the glide (slide)

A

Rock

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12
Q

A rotary movement of one bone rolling on another
Tipping of the convex surface that occurs at the end of motion
Always occurs in the opposite direction to the glide (slide)

A

Roll

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13
Q

One bone spinning on another
Produced by a pure twisting action
Rarely occurs alone in joints but in combination with rolling and sliding

A

Spin

  • The non-linear motion that occurs either at the joint surface (arthrokinematic spin) or around the mechanical axis of the bone (osteokinematic spin)
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14
Q

Motion of a bone that is produced by a sliding action within a joint

A

Swing

  • The linear motion that either occurs at the joint surface (arthrokinematic swing) or in the plane of the mechanical axis of the bone (osteokinematic swing)
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15
Q

Shortest distance between two points
Swing with no accompanying spin
Bone moves in one plane and in joints that have at least two degrees of freedom Ex. Abduction/adduction and external/internal rotation of the humerus and femur
Swing can occur without the bones taking a curved path
Is functionally abnormal and the exception rather than the rule

A

Pure (Cardinal) Swing

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16
Q

Is accompanied by spin (conjunct rotation)
Composite or impure arthrokinematic or osteokinematic swing that describes an arc
The bone does not stay in one place
Movement of a point on the mechanical axis from A to B follows a line other than the shortest one (arc)
Ex. flexion and extension at index MCP joint can rotate medially or laterally in mid-ranges; The rotation is undone at extreme ranges

A

Impure (Arcuate) Swing

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17
Q

All particles in the body at a given time have the same direction of motion relative to a fixed point
There is no center of rotation as the bone moves along a plane instead of through it

A

Translation

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18
Q

The number of independent axes that a bone can move around

Axes are perpendicular to each other

A

Degrees of Freedom

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19
Q

In joints with one degree of freedom, movement of the bone is limited to motion about a _____ axis and movement of a bone is produced by a ______ action within a joint

A

single

sliding

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20
Q

Two degrees of freedom either has a _____ and ______ or two distinct ______
The axes must be ______ to each other Ex. MCP joints, knee

A

spin and swing or two distinct swings

perpendicular to each other

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21
Q

Three degrees of freedom has a ______ and two distinct _____

Swings must be _______ Ex. Shoulder, hip

A

spin and two distinct swings

must be cardinal

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22
Q

Adjunct rotation is rotation which accompanies a _______
Can also be performed independently about its own ______
Can be voluntarily _____ or ______
Is a separate _________
May only occur with a joint with more than _______ Ex. specific rotator muscles around the hip and shoulder

A 
swing
axis
done or undone
degree of freedom
1 degree of freedom
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23
Q

A pattern of limitation of motion for a given joint due to inflammation is referred to as a

A

capsular pattern

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24
Q

Movement composed of a spin that is combined with a conjunct rotation

A

Composite movement

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25
Q

Composite movement is important in achieving _____ packing of joints

A

close

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26
Q

Composite movement must have a component of _______

A

rotation

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27
Q

Composite movement occurs during ____________

A

most functional movements

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28
Q

Rotation of bone and associated structures that occurs in series in the same direction as that of an adjacent bone

A

Congruent rotation

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29
Q

In congruent rotation, rotation does not need to be at the same _____

A

rate

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30
Q

Congruent rotation is a mechanism to prevent _______

A

torsion

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31
Q

Movement occurring as a result of the shape of the joint surfaces and effect of the ligaments rather than muscular effort

A

Conjunct rotation

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32
Q

In conjunct rotation, as the ligament tightens it brings the two joint surfaces ______ together

A

closer together (towards closed pack position)

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33
Q

Conjunct rotation must occur in joints with _______

A

one degree of freedom

34
Q

Conjunct rotation is a rotation (spin) which must accompany an _______ swing

A

impure

35
Q

Conjunct rotation is characteristic of movements at both ______ joints and the majority of _______ joints Ex. knee extension with lateral rotation

A

sellar joints and ovoid joints

36
Q

Consequential movement

A

Conjunct rotation occurring as a result of a succession of movements

37
Q

Movement that consistently occurs with another that is not a result of voluntary effort

A

Coupled movement

38
Q

Every diadochal movement contains a _______ (_______) movement

A

consequential (conjunct)

39
Q

A closed diadochal movement brings the bone _____ from then back to its original position but not necessarily back to its original _______

A

away

posture

40
Q

An open diadochal movement does not return the bone to its ______

A

original position

41
Q

Diadochal movement occurs during the

A

2nd swing

42
Q

Diadochal movement can be undone by performing ________ rotation in the opposite sense during the second swing

A

adjunct

43
Q

The most common movement of a bone that brings it towards, and away from, the close pack position of the joint

A

Habitual movements

44
Q

Habitual movements are always _______ swings (swing and spin)

A

arcuate swings

45
Q

In habitual movements, the swing element ______ the joint structures as it comes toward the close packed position

A

tightens

46
Q

In habitual movements, the spin element tautens these elements by producing a ___________ to the structure

A

spiral twist

47
Q

Rotation of bone and associated structures that does not occur in series in the same direction as that of an adjacent bone

A

Incongruent rotation

48
Q

Incongruent rotation goes against the _________ pattern of movement

A

habitual

49
Q

Fractures of long bones are susceptible to _________ rotations
Ex. If the radius fractures below the level of the supinator muscle, the upper fragment is pulled into supination while the lower fragment is pulled into pronation by pronator quadratus

A

incongruent

50
Q

Pattern of motion described by the total range of motion undergone during all swings of the mechanical axis of the bone

A

Ovoid of motion

51
Q

Syndesmosis

Has an interosseus ligament Ex. inferior tibiofibular ligament

A

Fibrous Joints

52
Q

Syncondrosis
Has an articular disc
Symphysis: fibrocartilage
Synotosis: has bony structures

A

Cartilaginous Joints

53
Q

Articular surface predominantly hyaline cartilage, sometimes fibrocartilage
Consists of fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid

A

Synovial Joints

54
Q

One pair of articulating surfaces

Most common: One surface convex, one surface concave Ex. hip joints, glenohumeral joint

A

Simple Synovial Joint

55
Q

More than one articulating pair in a single capsule
Neither will articulate with the surface which belongs to the other
Ex. Radio-carpal joint, ulno-menisco-carpal joint

A

Compound Synovial Joints

56
Q

Has an articular disc Ex. sternoclavicular joint, TMJ

A

Complex Synovial Joints

57
Q

Concave or convex in all planes
Degree of curvature will vary from point to point
Egg shaped rather than spherical

A

Ovoid

58
Q

Shape is spherical
Allows 3 degrees of freedom
Ex. Glenohumeral joint, Hip Joint

A

Unmodified Ovoid

59
Q

Degree of curvature is more marked in one plane than the other
Allows 2 degrees of freedom
Ex. MCP, radiocarpal joints

A

Modified Ovoid

60
Q

Saddle shape
Predominantly concave in one plane and convex at right angles to this
Tends to be stable and efficient – requires fewer ligaments as the surface is more congruent

A

Sellar

61
Q

Joint surfaces are purely concave in one plane and purely convex in the other
Joint surfaces are perpendicular to each other
Allows 2 degrees of freedom – Ex. 1st CMC joint

A

Unmodified Sellar

62
Q

The joint surfaces have both a concave and a convex portion in the same plane
Joint surfaces are not perpendicular to each other
Allows 1 degree of freedom – Ex. calcaneocuboid joint

A

Modified Sellar

63
Q

Movements occurring in joints

A

Spin
Slide
Roll

64
Q

Simultaneous sliding and rolling movements of articular surfaces increase the ____________ at a joint and allows maximal ROM with minimal articular surface area

A

effective range of motion

65
Q

Spin is independent
Slide occurs in the same direction as the bone is moving
Roll always accompanies slide except at the beginning and end of movement
Slide is the most important movement
Ex. MCP joint

A

Concave Ovoid Surface

66
Q

Spin is independent
Convex surface rolls along the concave surface
Rolls in the same direction as the bone is moving
Slide occurs in accompaniment with the roll
Occurs in the opposite direction to the moving bone in order to increase movement with smaller joint surfaces

A

Convex Ovoid Surface

67
Q

Movement within a joint and surrounding soft tissues that is requires for normal ROM but is not performed voluntarily

Is reproduced passively
Most amount of movement is available from the resting position

A

Accessory movements

68
Q

When mobilizing a concave on convex surface, the glide is in the _____ direction as the desired movement

A

same

69
Q

When mobilizing a convex on a concave surface the glide is in the _______ direction to the desired movement

A

opposite

70
Q

Articular surfaces are maximally congruent
The capsule and most of the ligaments are taut
The joint surfaces cannot be separated

A

Close pack position

71
Q

Bone fracture is more likely in this position

A

Close pack position

72
Q

Combination of swing and spin “screw home” the joints Ex. the knee
Most stable joint position
Position used to test ligament stability

A

close pack position

73
Q

Biomechanically efficient position - inability to achieve closed pack position will result in muscle overuse and potential proximal/distal adaptations

A

Close pack position

74
Q

The close pack position is important for joint lubrication known as ______

A

weeping

75
Q

Can’t mobilize or manipulate in the position

A

Close pack position

76
Q

Can use to lock joint above or below to obtain specificity

A

Close pack position

77
Q

Should not rest or splint in this position

A

Close pack position

78
Q

Any position of the joint that is not close pack

Ligaments and capsule are slack and articular surfaces are not congruent

A

Loose pack position

79
Q

Position where joint distraction is available

Easy to mobilize in this position

A

Loose pack position

80
Q

Resting position for inflamed joints

Splinting and casting position

A

Loose pack position

81
Q

Most distraction of joint surfaces is available

Greatest potential joint space

A

Rest position

82
Q

Can mobilize in this position
Use as a resting position for inflamed joints
Position for splinting and casting

A

Loose pack position

Rest position

FCAMPT (3 decks)

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