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U.S. Government Basics flashcards AP® U.S. Government flashcards
1
Q

checks and balances

president → congress

A
  • auth military action
  • veto/sign legislation
  • call special sessions
  • exec orders/agreements to bypass legislation
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2
Q

checks and balances

judiciary → congress

A
  • overturn laws (judicial review)
  • majority opinions
  • refuse to decide on a case (political question doctrine)
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3
Q

checks and balances

senate → house

A
  • rejects house bills
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4
Q

checks and balances

house of reps → senate

A
  • rejects senate bills
  • initiate revenue bills
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5
Q

political question doctrine

A

that an issue is so politically charged the court refuses to hear the case/is not in the cts jurisdiction

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6
Q

checks and balances

congress → president

A
  • override veto
  • formal declaration of war
  • power of the purse
  • oversight: hearings, investigation, interview
  • breaks electoral college tie
  • legislate size, structure, scope, salary
  • create jurisdiction
  • legislation based on decisions
  • propose amendments
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7
Q

checks and balances

senate → president

A
  • confirms presidential appointments
  • trial for impeachment
  • votes on treaty
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8
Q

checks and balances

house → president

A
  • removes justices
  • confirms judicial appointees
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9
Q

checks and balances

judiciary → president

A
  • overturn laws (judicial review)
  • majority opinions
  • refuse to decide on a case (political question doctrine)
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10
Q

checks and balances

president → judiciary

A
  • appoint justices
  • sue, prosecute, appeal
  • amicus briefs & press conferences
  • enforce/not enforce judicial decisions
  • grant pardons or reprieves
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11
Q

amicus briefs

A

legal documents filed with the court by someone who is not in the case, bringing up important info or arguments for the court to consider

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12
Q

positions confirmed by congress?

A
  • federal judges
  • cabinet members
  • ambassadors
  • officers in independent agencies
  • military services
  • foreign service
  • us attorneys
  • us martials
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13
Q

executive expressed powers

A

listed in article 2
- take care clause
- vesting clause
- commander in cheif
- treaties clause
- state of the union clause
- receive ambassadors

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14
Q

take care clause

A

execute the law

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15
Q

executive implied powers

A

implied in article 2
- executive privilege
- executive orders
- executive agreements

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16
Q

executive inherent powers

A
  • acquisition of new territory
  • emergency powers
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17
Q

pressure on policy making branches

the revolving door (iron triangle)

A

congress, interest groups, and the bureaucracy have influence on presidential actions

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18
Q

pressure on policy making branches

legislative

A
  • communication with committee/legislator
  • testify at hearings
  • provide data
  • campaign contributions
  • write speeches
  • draft legislation
  • logrolling
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19
Q

logrolling

A

exchanging favors by reciprocal voting for each others proposed legislation

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20
Q

pressure on policy making branches

executive

A
  • provide info
  • create congressional support
  • aid in drafting regulations
  • appointees
  • constituent support
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21
Q

pressure on policy making branches

judicial

A
  • litigate test cases
  • amicus briefs
  • pressure nominations
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22
Q

pressure on policy making branches

constituents

A
  • grassroots, boycotts, rallies, events
    targeted communication
  • fundraising
  • endorsements
  • propaganda
  • electioneering and political advertising
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23
Q

iron triangle

A

permanent relationships between specific interest groups, congressional committees, and bureaucratic agencies

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24
Q

issue networks

A

temporary coalitions that include many linkage institutions and policy making institutions with the goal of accomplishing a specific policy goal

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25
Q

participatory democracy

A
  • institutions are influenced by citizens directly
  • small donors giving to candidates
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26
Q

pluralist democracy

A
  • institutions influenced by nongovernmental groups
  • interest groups and unions
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27
Q

elitist democracy

A
  • institutions influenced by the wealthy and powerful
  • corporations
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28
Q

arguments for regulation of campaign finance

A
  • restricts free speech
  • reduces corruption
  • transparency
  • reduces time on fundraising
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29
Q

arguments against regulation of campaign finance

A
  • promotes free speech
  • voters decide
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30
Q

1st

A

freedom of speech, religion, press

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31
Q

2nd

A

right to bear arms

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32
Q

3rd

A

quartering

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33
Q

4th

A

protection agnst unreasonable searches and seizures

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34
Q

5th

A

protection of life, liberty, property, no double jeopardy, protection agnst self incriminaton

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35
Q

6th

A

speedy, public trial, with jury of your peers

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36
Q

8th

A

protection agnst excessive bail and unusual punishment

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37
Q

9th

A

rights not listed in the constitution are assumed to the people

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38
Q

10th

A

rights not given to fed gov are given to states

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39
Q

7th

A

right to a jury trial in a civil case

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40
Q

11th

A

prohibits fed court from hearing certain lawsuits agnst states

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41
Q

12th

A

outlines how the president and vice president are to be elected

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42
Q

13th

A

abolishment of slavery

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43
Q

14th

A

equal protection under the constitution for all citizens

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44
Q

15yh

A

no voting discrimination

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45
Q

16th

A

income tax 🤩

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46
Q

17th

A

senate elected by popular vote

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47
Q

18th

A

prohibition of alcohol

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48
Q

19th

A

womens right to vote

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49
Q

20th

A

president term begins in january

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50
Q

21st

A

repeal prohibition

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51
Q

22nd

A

limits # of presidential terms

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52
Q

23rd

A

washington dc have a right to vote for the president

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53
Q

24th

A

no poll taxes

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54
Q

25th

A

vp becomes successor if something happens to the president

55
Q

26th

A

18 voting age

56
Q

27th

A

congress cannot increase their pay during a term

57
Q

article 1

A

legislative branch

58
Q

article 2

A

executive branch

59
Q

article 3

A

judicial branch

60
Q

article 4

A

relationship btwn states and natl gov

61
Q

article 6

A

supremacy clause

62
Q

regulation on campaigns

A
  1. federal election campaign act: limits donations; donations must be disclosed; voluntary public financing
  2. bipartisan campaign reform act: limitations on spending for fed elections (soft money loophole)
63
Q

hard money

A

money spent for elections regulated under federal law; candidate, federal party, PAC spending

64
Q

soft money

A

money spent for elections outside of federal regulation; money spent from 501c4s and other tax exempt non profit corps

65
Q

superPAC

A

independent-expenditure group promoting a single candidate
- speechnow v. FEC 2010: disclosure, no limits, no coordination

66
Q

dark money

A

money raised by non profit corps that is unregulated by the FEC
- no disclosure, no coordinating

67
Q

unitary government

A

power/authority rests with the central government

68
Q

confederation

A

power rests with state/regional governments

69
Q

federal government

A

divided gov with power shared between central and state govs

70
Q

delegated powers

A

powers of the national government
- raise an army & navy
- regulate commerce
- coin money
- declare war
- make creaties

71
Q

concurrent powers

A

both governments
- levy taxes
- borrow money
- create court systems

72
Q

reserved powers

A

powers of state governments
- police and fire
- est local governments
- conduct elections
- approve cotus amendments

73
Q

dual federalism

A

relationship bwtn state and fed is distinct, work alongside each other with little interaction (layered cake)

74
Q

cooperative federalism

A

both levels work together but take on their own roles (marble cake)

75
Q

commerce clause

A

congress regulates interstate commerce

76
Q

necessary and proper

A

elastic clause
provides implied powers to congress

77
Q

supremacy clause

A

national laws are superior to state laws

78
Q

grants in aid

A

federal gov $ → states for policies that are deemed important

79
Q

categorical grants

A

for specific things ex. money for schools to spend on lunches

80
Q

block grants

A

(preferred by states) money for general things ex. money for schools

81
Q

argumentation frq

A
  • do not write an intro or outro
  • thesis is one sentence and do not include evidence!! only concepts
  • do not say “I” → state as fact
  • avoid direct quoting, besides well known quotes
  • describe evidence 2-3 sentences
  • write opposing viewpoint and explain why you are right
82
Q

civil rights act 1957

A

est the office of civil rights to address discrimination in voter registrations

83
Q

civil rights act 1964

A

equal application of voter registration rules

84
Q

voting rights act 1965

A

no more literacy tests

85
Q

trustee model

A

senate; votes based on own judgement

86
Q

delegate model

A

house; votes representing constituents

87
Q

politico

A

balances delegate and trustee models

88
Q

redistricting

A

happens after a census to reallocate seating in the house → drawing of new boundaries

89
Q

gerry mandering

A

redistricting to favor a candidate → majority minority districts, odd shapes, polarized congress

90
Q

natural rights

A

life liberty and property

91
Q

social contract

A

human kind surrenders most extreme rights to self preservation so they can enter into a common wealth to protect natural right

92
Q

popular sovereignty

A

decisions are made about actions of the state via consent of the coverened

93
Q

republicanism

A

the consent of the governed is expressed via regular elections

94
Q

selective incorporation

A

only some rights apply to states
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

95
Q

mcculloch v. maryland

A

→ states cannot tax a federal institution; est supremacy of the constitution: fed > state

96
Q

us v. lopez

A

→ congress cant use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

97
Q

engel v. vitale

A

→ school sponsorship of religious activities violated the establishment clause in the 1st amendment

98
Q

wisconsin v. yoder

A

→ compelling amish students to attend school past 8th violates the free exercise clause of the 1st

99
Q

tinker v des moines

A

→ students have a right to peacefully protest under the 1st amendment

100
Q

new york times co v. us

A

→ est “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even when involving national security; slay freedom of the press

101
Q

schenck v. us

A

→ speech creating a clear and present danger is not protected by the 1st

102
Q

gideon v wainwright

A

→ guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor/indigent

103
Q

mcdonald v. chicago

A

→ the 2nd (for self defense) is applicable to states

104
Q

brown v. board

A

→ overturned plessy; race based segregation violates equal protection clause of the 14th; separate is inherently unequal

105
Q

citizens united v. federal election commission

A

→ political spending by corporations, assoc, and labor unions is protected under free speech

106
Q

baker v. carr

A

→ challenges to redistricting are not “political questions”; cts won’t hear it

107
Q

shaw v. reno

A

→ redistricting must be conscious of race under the voting rights act of 1965

108
Q

marbury v. madison

A

→ est judicial review

109
Q

fed 10

A
  • strong united republic better for combatting factions
  • more representatives = more opinions
110
Q

brutus 1

A
  • big fed gov means people get less rights
  • bill of rights ✅
  • no free republic bc us too big
  • judiciary will broaden gov power
111
Q

declaration of independence

A
  • life, liberty, and property
  • is the gov doesnt protect then the people can destroy
112
Q

articles of confederation

A
  • cant tax, no president or judiciary, states have more power, unicameral legislation
113
Q

constitution

A
  • outlines fed gov: 3 branches with checks and balances
114
Q

bill of rights

A

1-8 individual rights
9 not listed go to the people
10 powers given to teh states
13,14,15,17,19,22,24,26 expansion of peoples righst

115
Q

fed 51

A
  • proposes 3 branches that have checks and balances
  • legislative branch bicameral for equal representation
116
Q

fed 70

A
  • one executive with energy and safety (descision, activity, secrecy, dispatch)
  • quick thinking, decisive; in office for long enough for stability
117
Q

fed 78

A
  • judiciary is the weakest branch
  • lifetime appointments to resist encroachments from legislature
118
Q

letter from a birmingham jail

A
  • the oppressed need to take action or else nothing will be done
  • unjust laws arent actually laws
  • movement will be successful
  • disappointed by the white moderates
119
Q

fighting words

A

speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; scotus has held that this speech may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

120
Q

lemon test

A

must not be in support of religious purposes
cannot advance or spread a religion
cannot entangle separation of church and state

121
Q

prior restraint

A

a form of censorship by the government whereby it blocks the publication of news stories viewed as libelous or harmful BEFORE they are published

122
Q

symbolic speech

A

nonverbal “speech” in the form of an action as picketing, flag burning, or wearing an armband to signify a protest

123
Q

time, place, and manner restrictions

A

regulations regarding when, where, or how expression may occur; must be content neutral

124
Q

heightened scrutiny test (intermediate scrutiny test)

A

sex-based discrimination legal if is SUBSTANTIALLY RELATED to the ACHIEVEMENT of an IMPORTANT public interest.

125
Q

ordinary scrutiny test (rational basis test)

A

sex-based discrimination legal if REASONABLE and for a LEGITIMATE public interest.

126
Q

strict scrutiny test

A

legal if NECESSARY to achieve a COMPELLING public interest

127
Q

truncated gov

A

the situation that exists when one chamber of congress is controlled by the same party that controls the White House, while the other chamber is controlled by the other party

128
Q

republicans

A

white, male, college, upper class, business owners, religious
- small gov
- less social welfare
- traditional roles
- pro life

129
Q

democrats

A

black, women, young, no edu/working class, minorities
- big gov
- pro healthcare
- pro choice
- immigrants
- rights

130
Q

501c4s

A

nonprofit organizations operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, including lobbying or engaging in political campaigning

131
Q

527

A

a tax-exempt group that raises money for political activities, much like those allowed under the soft money loophole

132
Q

super PACs

A

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcomes of elections
→ AVOID LIMITATIONS BY CLASSIFYING AS NONPROFITS

133
Q

exit polls

A

Exit polls are frequently used to predict winners of elections.

134
Q

pork barrel legislation

A

the appropriation of government funds for local projects that serve a representative’s own constituents

ap gov (12 decks)

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