Chapter 5: Civil Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

affirmative action

A

In the employment arena, intentional efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote underutilized categories of workers (women and minority men); in higher education, intentional efforts to diversify the student body.

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2
Q

black codes

A

Laws passed immediately after the Civil War by the confederate states that limited the rights of “freemen” (people formerly enslaved).

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3
Q

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

A

→ segregated schools violate equal protection clause of 14th

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4
Q

civil disobedience

A

Active, but nonviolent, refusal to comply with laws or governmental policies that are morally objectionable, while accepting the consequences of violating these laws.

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5
Q

civil rights

A

The rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments; the idea that individuals are protected from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex.

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6
Q

de facto segregation

A

segregation maintained by practice

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7
Q

de jure segregation

A

segregation mandated by law

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8
Q

equal protection clause

A

The Fourteenth Amendment clause stating that no state shall “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

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9
Q

grandfather clause

A

A clause exempting individuals from voting conditions such as poll taxes or literacy tests if they or their ancestors had voted before 1870, thus sparing most white voters.

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10
Q

hate crime

A

A crime committed against a person, property, or society, in which the offender is motivated, in part or in whole, by his or her bias against the victim because of the victim’s race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.

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11
Q

heightened scrutiny test (intermediate scrutiny test)

A

The guidelines used most frequently by the courts to determine the legality of sex-based discrimination

sex-based discrimination legal if is SUBSTANTIALLY RELATED to the ACHIEVEMENT of an IMPORTANT public interest.

weaker than strict

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12
Q

inherent characteristics

A

race, national origin, religion, and sex.
→ + gender sexuality and disabilities ?

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13
Q

intersectionality

A

The experience of multiple forms of oppression (based on race, gender, class, sexual orientation, or sexual identity) simultaneously.

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14
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

Laws requiring the strict separation of racial groups, with whites and “nonwhites” required to attend separate schools, work in different jobs, and use segregated public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants.

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15
Q

literacy test

A

A test to determine eligibility to vote; designed so that few African Americans would pass.

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16
Q

ordinary scrutiny test (rational basis test)

A

sex-based discrimination legal if REASONABLE and for a LEGITIMATE public interest.

– rational differential treatment; based on age

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17
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

1896 Supreme Court ruling creating the separate but equal doctrine.

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18
Q

poll tax

A

A fee for voting; levied to prevent poor African Americans in the South from voting.

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19
Q

Reconstruction era

A

The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt.

20
Q

separate but equal doctrine

A

est in plessy; separate but equal facilities for whites and nonwhites do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.

21
Q

standing to sue

A

The legal right to bring lawsuits in court.

22
Q

strict scrutiny test

A

for suspect classification based discrimination;

legal if NECESSARY to achieve a COMPELLING public interest

– race and religion

23
Q

suspect classifications

A

Distinctions based on race, religion, and national origin, which are assumed to be illegitimate.

24
Q

white primary

A

A primary election in which a party’s nominees for general election were chosen but in which only white people were allowed to vote.

25
Q

shephard + byrd

A

hate crime prevention act

26
Q

1980s

A
  • state & local govs start prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation + equal protection laws
  • antisodomy laws
27
Q

bowers v. hardwick (1986)

A

upholds antisodomy law in georgia

28
Q

lawrence v. texas

A

→ overturns bowers

29
Q

us v. windsor (2013)

A

states change definition of marriage
→ only heterosexual marriage unconstitutional bc equal protection clause

30
Q

obergefell v. hodges (2015)

A

→ denying marriage violates equal protection clause → TLDR: gay marriage legal & religious freedom does not allow discrimination

31
Q

new amendments during reconstruction

A

13- no slaves
14- voting
15- citizenship

32
Q

civil rights act of 1866

A

defined citizens as natural born & can sue, own property, serve as witness, enter legal contracts

33
Q

enforcement act

A

penalties on interference with right to vote

34
Q

civil rights act of 1872

A

(anti kkk) federal crime to deprive anyone of constitutional rights

35
Q

1883 scotus

A
  • cant prevent discrimination from private individuals
  • 1875 civil rights act unconstitutional
36
Q

civil rights movement

A

boycotting, peaceful demonstrations, voter registration drives, sit-ins, emphasis on education, marches

37
Q

selma march

A

televised, most violent

38
Q

1965 watts riots

A

cops pull over drunk black driver

39
Q

bakke v uc davis

A

→ race cannot be the sole and only consideration for admission

40
Q

university of michigan (2003)

A

race cannot be the main overriding factor of admissions + must use strict scrutiny

41
Q

waves of womens rights

A
  1. early 1900s : suffrage
  2. 60s : equal rights
  3. 20th cent. : glass ceiling
42
Q

2014 micheal brown & 2012 treyvon martin

A

department of justice report → blacks are oppressed, little trust with law enforcement, use of lethal force

43
Q

blm backlash

A

all lives matter , blue lives matter

44
Q

civil rights act of 1964

A

protects african americans from discrimination in public places

45
Q

voting rights act 1965

A

ban unfair voting practices (literacy tests)

46
Q

fisher v university of texas (HORNS DOWN 👎👎)

A

race can be one factor of many, diversity is ok ✅