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CCEA GCSE History: The Troubles 1965-1998 > the Anglo-Irish Agreement > Flashcards

the Anglo-Irish Agreement Flashcards

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1
Q

The key difference between the Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) and the Sunningdale Power-Sharing Agreement (1973-74)

A
  • it was purely an agreement between the British and Irish governments
  • This meant that there would be no Assembly or Executive to be created
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2
Q

Reasons for Anglo-Irish agreement

A
  • hunger strikes and aftermath 🍲
  • continued violence 🥊
  • Sinn Féin policy 📝
  • British and Irish govs decided to work more closely together 👬
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3
Q

What Sinn Féin policy was a reason for a-i agreement?

A

“Ballot box and the Armalite”

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4
Q

Why were the hunger strikes and their after math a reason for a-i agreement?

A

Changed NI political situation

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5
Q

Anglo-Irish agreement

A

closer co-op between British and Irish govs

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6
Q

Who signed Anglo-Irish agreement

A
  • Taoiseach Garret Fitzgerald
  • PM Margaret Thatcher
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7
Q

Reasons for closer co-op in the 80s

A
  • fear of Sinn Féin
  • to undermine PIRA
  • security reasons
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8
Q

Why was fear of Sinn Féin a reason for closer co-op in the 80s?

A
  • British gov and SDLP afraid that Sinn Fein might overtake SDLP
  • become main nationalist party in NI
  • could make political agreements in NI more difficult
  • worsen security situation and stability within Ireland
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9
Q

Why was security a reason for closer co-op in the 80s?

A

Thatcher realised that unless she dealt with nationalist hostility, then she would be unable to improve security

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10
Q

Why was undermine the PIRA a reason for closer co-op in the 80s?

A

Taoiseach GF hoped agreement would
- reduce nationalist hostility and would reform security forces in NI
- This would undermine the tolerance of PIRA in NI

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11
Q

Irish government terms of agreement – A – I agreement

A
  • The RoI hoped agreement with persuade nationalists to accept the NI state
  • If this happened support for Sinn Fein would collapse.
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12
Q

what did the RoI think would happen if they were able to persuade nationalists to accept the NI state?

A

support for Sinn Fein would collapse

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13
Q

British GOV terms of agreement – AI agreement

A

Hoped agreement would lead to better security and co-op between Britain and Ireland

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14
Q

Permanent secretariat terms of agreement, AI agreement

A

A permanent secretariat made up of civil servants from NI and RoI would provide administrative support to the intergovernmental conference

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15
Q

Secretariat

A

A group of civil servants

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16
Q

RoI role in NI. Terms of agreement, AI agreements

A
  • Agreement recognised RoI had a role in NI
  • however, republic accepted that a united Ireland was a long-term goal, could only happen with support of majority of NI population 🥅 ⭕️
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17
Q

What did the RoI accept? AI agreement

A
  • a united Ireland was a long-term goal 🥅
  • could only happen with support of majority of NI population
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18
Q

Intergovernmental conference, terms of agreement, AI agreement

A

would deal with issues such as security, legal matters, political questions, and improving cross-border cooperation

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19
Q

Devolution, terms of agreement, AI agreement

A
  • NI assembly given power by Westminster
  • would only happen if there was an agreement on the sharing of power between unionists and nationalists
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20
Q

Devolution

A

Local parliaments are given some powers by the central parliament

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21
Q

What would happen that would cause devolution?

A

would only happen if there was an agreement on the sharing of power between unionists and nationalists

22
Q

What did the British government and SDLP believe would happen if Sinn Fein became the main nationalist party in NI?

A
  • could make political agreements in NI more difficult
  • worsen security situation and stability within Ireland
23
Q

What was Thatcher’s main reason for signing A-I agreement?

A

Security as
- PIRA had attempted to kill her at 1984, Conservative party conference, Brighton
- unless she dealt with nationalist hostility, she would be unable to improve security

24
Q

Reactions to the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Unionist

A
  • Unionists appalled
  • felt abandoned 🏃‍♀️🇬🇧 by the British gov
  • believed they were now in a process that led to a United Ireland 🇮🇪
  • What annoyed Unionists most was that they had been kept in the dark ⚫️ during the negotiations and SDLP had been consulted 👩‍⚕️ in the process
25
Q

What about A-I agreement annoyed Unionists the most?

A

they had been kept in the dark during the negotiations and SDLP had been consulted in the process.

26
Q

Reactions to the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Republican

A
  • Sinn Fein condemned the Agreement
  • argued that rather than bringing a United Ireland closer, it made the division of Ireland more permanent because;
  • the Irish government was recognising the existence of NI
  • and accepting a United Ireland was a long-term goal that would only happen with the majority acceptance of the population of NI
27
Q

Why did Sinn Fein argue that rather than bringing a United Ireland closer**, it made the division of Ireland more permanent?

A
  • the Irish government was recognising the existence of NI
  • and accepting a United Ireland was a long-term goal that would only happen with the majority acceptance of the population of NI
28
Q

Reactions to the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Nationalist

A
  • SDLP given more of a role in the creation of the Anglo-Irish Agreement than any other political party in NI
  • SDLP viewed the Agreement as an opportunity to create a better life in NI
29
Q

Reactions to the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Alliance Party

A

The Alliance Party supported the Agreement.

30
Q

Reactions to the Anglo-Irish Agreement: Fianna Fáil

A
  • Agreement acceptable to Fine Gael and Irish Labour Party that made up the ROl’s coalition government
  • However, Fianna Fail, led by Charles Haughey, condemned it.
  • They were angered at the government’s recognition of NI.
31
Q

Why did Fianna Fail condemn the A-I agreement

A
  • They were angered at the government’s recognition of NI
32
Q

Who were two groups would not have been Unionists first choice for support?

A
  • Sinn Féin
  • Fianna Fail
33
Q

Where did Unionists look for support in their campaign against the A-I Agreement?

A

Their own community

34
Q

When was the Anglo-Irish agreement signed? 🍂

A

15 November 1985

35
Q

Where was the Anglo-Irish agreement signed? 🏰

A

Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland

36
Q

Non-cooperation with British government, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A

Unionists were appalled at the Agreement and wanted to show their hatred of what they termed the “Dublin diktat” by strength in numbers

37
Q

Who campaigned against the A-I agreement?

A

Unionists

38
Q

Bonfires, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A

Bonfires burnt models of Thatcher and members of the Irish government

39
Q

Marches, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A
  • Marches were held to the headquarters of the new Anglo-Irish Secretariat
  • The marches often turned violent
40
Q

Protests, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A
  • A protest rally at Belfast City Hall was held on 23rd November 1985
  • It is estimated that 100,000 to 250,000 attended
  • The rally heard speeches from DUP leader lan Paisley -
    “Never, never, never”
41
Q

15 Unionist MPs, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A
  • 15 Unionist MPs resigned their seats at Westminster in December 1985
  • They then stood for them again in the by-election
  • This was to show the strength of Unionist opposition through the votes cast
  • January 1986 - Unionists gained over 420,000 votes, but lost a seat to SDLP’s Seamus Mallon.
  • Sinn Fein’s share of the Nationalist vote fell from 42% to 35% - the destruction of SF may be possible.
42
Q

“Unionist Day of Action”, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A
  • 3rd March 1986 - much of NI was brought to a standstill using peaceful protest
  • However, there were some instances of the protests turning violent
  • The success of the UWC strike in 1974 was not repeated by the “Unionist Day of Action”
43
Q

Civil disobedience, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A

Unionist politicians shunned British ministers
- refused to set rates in Unionist council areas
- boycotted Westminster.

44
Q

Loyalist paramilitaries, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A

Loyalist paramilitaries engaged in a campaign of violence and intimidation against the
RUC, as the RUC were seen as essential to the success of the Anglo-Irish Agreement

45
Q

Ulster Resistance, campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A

**November 1986 - the Ulster Resistance is formed
- paramilitary organisation
- aimed to destroy the Anglo-Irish Agreement
- had links to leading Unionist political parties

46
Q

Results: unionist campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement

A
  • The above tactics failed to have any significant impact on the British government’s determination to stick by the Anglo-Irish Agreement
  • The absence of 14 MPs out of 650 was not noticed
  • by Sept. 1987 Unionist politicians ended their boycott of W Minster
47
Q

Causes, 15 MPs campaign against AI agreement

A
  • This was to show the strength of Unionist opposition through the votes cast
48
Q

Effects of 15 MPs, campaign against AI agreement

A
  • January 1986 - Unionists gained over 420,000 votes, but lost a seat to SDLP’s Seamus Mallon.
  • Sinn Fein’s share of the Nationalist vote fell from 42% to 35% - the destruction of SF may be possible
49
Q

How did Unionist MPs shun British ministers?

A
  • refused to set rates in Unionist council areas
  • boycotted Westminster
50
Q

Why did loyalist paramilitaries engage in a campaign of violence and intimidation against the
RUC

A

the RUC were seen as essential to the success of the Anglo-Irish Agreement

51
Q

What year was the Ulster Resistance formed?

A

**November 1986 - the Ulster Resistance is formed

52
Q

“Ballot box and the Armalite”

A

Achieve aims through pronged approach
- politics - Sinn Fein
- violence

CCEA GCSE History: The Troubles 1965-1998 (10 decks)

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