The Anatomical Position Flashcards
Describe the anatomical position
The body is facing forward, stading upright, palms forward and feet pointing forward - applies to both anterior and posterior views
What is the medial plane?
Directly through the middle
What is the saggital plane?
Slightly off centre
What is transverse plane?
Through the middle of the abdomen
What are oblique anatomical planes?
Cut at an angle
What is superior?
Nearer to the head
What is inferior?
Nearer to feet
What is anterior?
Nearer to front
What is Posterior?
Nearer to back
What is medial?
Nearer to median plane
What is lateral?
Farther from median plane
What is proximal?
Nearer the trunk/point of origin
What is distal?
Farther from the trunk/point of origin
Superficial?
Nearer to or on surface
Dorsum?
Dorsal surface part of hand or foot
Palm?
Palmar surface of hand
Sole?
Plantar surface of the foot
Why do atonomists use verterbral levels as a way of defining the location of a structure in the vertical plane?
They are used as the vertebrae are the only anatomical structures that are consistent between thorax, pelvis and abdomen
How many verterbra are there in the cervical spinal section?
7 termed C1-7
How many verterbra are there in the thoracic spinal section?
12 termed T1-T12
How many vertebra are there in the lumbar spinal section?
5 termed L1-L5
How many vertebra are there in the sacral spinal section?
5 termed S1- S5
Where is the atlas?
C1
Where is the axis?
C2
Where is the sacrum?
S1-S5
Where is the coccyx?
At the very end of the spine
What is the head and neck region?
Extends from the top of the head superiorly to the clavicle inferiorly
What is the thorax region?
Extends from clavicle superiorly to the level of the diaphram inferiorly on anterior surface of body
What is the abdominal region?
extends from the level of the diaphram superiorly to the inguinal ligament inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body
What is the upper limb region?
Consists of scapula, arm, forearm and hand
What is the lower limb region?
Consists of gluteal region, thigh, leg, lower leg and foot
What are the two ways of describing the regions of the surface anatomy of the abdomen?
Divinding it to regions or quadrants
What are the six regions of the abdoment?
Right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac fosser, hypogastrium, left iliac fosser
What is the higher of the two horizontal lines across the abdomen?
Transpyloric plane
Whar is the lower of the two horizontal lines across the abdomen?
Transtuburcular plane
What is vertical line through the abdoment?
Midclavicular line
What are the four main functions of the skeleton?
Protection of major organs
Forming the mechanical basis for movement
heamopoesis - erthrocytes and b lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow
Storage of salts in the bone
What are the two types of mature (haversian) bone?
Compact bone and spongy bone
Describe compact bone
Strong and dense - all bones in body have a superficial thin layer of it
Describe spongy bone
Less dense with numerous air spaces and forms the core of most bones - except where replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity
How does cartilage obtain nutrients and oxygen?
Through diffusion as it doesnt have the blood and nerve supply that bone has
What is the most widely present type of cartilage?
Hyaline
Where is hyaline present?
As articular cartilage in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways
Describe fribo cartilage
Tough and flexible
Where is fibro cartilage found?
in articular and intervertebral discs around the edge of ball and socket joints
Describe elastic cartilage
Highly resilient due to eleastic fibres contained in its structure
Where is elastic cartilage found?
In the external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx
What is osteoperosis characterised by?
A decrease in bone mass and strength
What is the pelvis protected and supported by?
The hip bone (innominate bone)
How does the female pelvis compare to a male pelvis?
It is flatter and wise
What are the the divisions of the pelvis?
The greater pelvis and the lesser pelvis
Where does the greater pelvis lie?
Between the two large ileum bones
Where does the lesser pelvis lie?
Deep to the pubic bone
Where is the heart located?
In the inferior part of the mediastinum
Where does the heart extend from and to?
From vertebral level T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly
What is the apex of the heart deep to?
The 5th intercostal space
Where does the right border of the heart lie deep to?
The right border of the sternum
Where is the aorta located?
Rises superiorly from the left ventricle forming an arch at T4 and branches and descenfs
Where does the aorta terminate?
At the common iliac arteries (supplies pelvis and leg)
Where do the lungs extend from and to?
From their apex just above the 1st rib, level with T! to the diaphram inferiorly, level with T12
Where do the lungs cross the midclavicular line?
Level with T7
Where do the pleura cross the midclavicular line?
Level with T9
Where is the highest point of the diaphram at rest?
T9
Where is the diaphram attatched to the body wall inferiorly?
T12
What point in the GI tract is susceptible to hiatus herna?
Where the oesophagus passes trough the diaphram
What is the oesophagus?
A muscular tube that passes food from the back of the mouth all the way down to the stomach
What is present at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach?
A band of muscle from the diaphram
What does this band of muscle and the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach do?
Prevents reflux of stomachs contents in to the oesophagus
Where is the stomach located?
Just below the diaphram to the left of the abdominal cavity
What are the three named areas of the stomach?
The fundus, body and antrum
What is the small intestine divided in to?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What is the duodenum broken down in to?
Superior, descending, horizontal and asceding
How is the dudenum seperated from the stomach?
By a pyloric sphincter
Where does the jejunum begin?
At the duodenojejunal junction
What does the liver produce and what does it do?
Bile - faciliatates the digestion of lipids
Where is the liver located?
Right upper quadrant
How many lobes does the liver have and which is the largest?
2 - the right
Where is bile concentrated and stored?
In the gall bladder
Where is the gall bladder located?
Inferiorly to the liver
When and where is bile ejected?
In to the duodenum when a high fat meal is consumed
What is the pancreas?
An elongated acessory glanf to the GI with endocrine functon
Where is the pancreas locaqted?
Superiorly in the umbilical region extending out in to the left lumbar region, inferior and deep to the stomach
What is the first section of the large intestine?
The caecum
Where does the caecum begin?
At the illeocaecal junction in the right inferior quadrant
What does the caecum form?
A pouch that contains the veriform appendix
Where does the ascending colon travel to anf from?
From the right lower to right upper quadrant - then form a 90 degree bend to the left called the RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE and becomes the transverse colon
Where does the transverse colon travel to and from?
From the right upper to left upper quadrant where it forms a 90 degree bend called the LEFT COLIC FLEXURE and becomes the descending colon
Where does the descending colon travel to and from?
From the left upper to left lower quadrant becoming the sigmoid colon which is S-dhapes and connects the descending colon to the rectum
Where does the rectum begin?
S3
What is the spleen?
A secondary lymphoid tissue
Where is the spleen located?
In the left lumbar region at the tip of the pancreas
What is the main role of the spleen?
Filtration of blood, removing aged blood cells and collecting antigen
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
Excretion of urea and other toxins
Maintanence of blood volumeas osmolarity
Where do the kidneys lie?
On the posterior wall of the abdomen in the right and left hypchondriac regions from vertebrea T12 to L3
Which kidney is usually lower than the left?
The right
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Superior aspect of the kidneys
WHat do the adrenal glands produce?
Many of the bodys chemical messengers including adrenaline ad steroid hormones
What hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol. aldosterone and sex hormones
What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Where is the urinary bladder located?
In the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone
What is the bladder filled from/eptied by?
Filled from the ureters and expelled via the urethra
Where does the liver extend?
Across the midline from the right hypochondriac region
where is the gall baldder in regards to the liver?
Posterior
What is the top of the kidneys level with?
The inferior pleural border
