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Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 components of the digestive system?

A

Oral Cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum

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2
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A

One layer

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3
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

More than one layer

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4
Q

What is pseudo stratified epithelium?

A

One layer that pretends to be two

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5
Q

What is squamous epithelium?

A

Flat

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6
Q

What is columnar epithelium?

A

Column like

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7
Q

What type of epithelium are the mouth and tongue covered with?

A

Stratified squamous

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8
Q

What is underlying the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue and mouth?

A

A submucosa containing salivary glands

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9
Q

What muscle is the major effector in moving the lower jaw?

A

temporalis

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10
Q

What muscle elevates and protrudes the jaw?

A

Masseter

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11
Q

Which muscle creates the lateral movement of the jaw?

A

Pterygoids

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12
Q

Name the three types of salivary glands and what type of saliva they secrete

A

Parotid - serous saliva. Submandibular - both serous and mucous saliva. Sublingual - mucous

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13
Q

Where are the three types of salivary gland found?

A

Parotid - biggest, behind mouth. Submandibular - medium sized, in chin. Sublingual - small, below tongue

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14
Q

Define Mucus

A

Slimy, stringy, ropey and lubricous

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15
Q

Define serous

A

Thin or watery - like serum

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16
Q

Where is saliva produced?

A

Acini

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17
Q

How is saliva produced?

A

By active filtration

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18
Q

Where is saliva modified?

A

In the ducts of the gland

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19
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do?

A

Produce a large volume of watery saliva

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20
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do?

A

Produce a small volume of mucous saliva

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21
Q

How is the saliva lubricating?

A

Due to mucin content

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22
Q

How is digestion aided by saliva?

A

Prescence of alpha amylase

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23
Q

How does the saliva protect the oral mucosa?

A

Through lubrication, rinsing action and alkaline ph

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24
Q

How is the saliva antibacterial?

A

Thiocynate content

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25
What may the epithelium lining the gut tube contain?
Goblet cells and endocrine cells
26
What do goblet cells and endocrine cells secrete?
Mucous and digestive hormones
27
What is the lamina propria?
A layer of loose connective tissue.
28
What does the lamina propria act as?
The first immunological barrier
29
Why does the lamina propria act as an immunological barrier?
Because it contains lymphatics and numerous white blood cells
30
What is the muscularismucosa?
A thin layer of smooth muscle cells
31
What does the muscularismucosa cause?
localised contractions in the mucosa
32
What is the submucosa?
A layer of dense connective tissue
33
What does the submucosa contain?
The submucosal plexus
34
What does the submucosal plexus control?
secretion and blood flow
35
What does the submucosal plexus relay information from?
The gut epithelium and stretch receptors
36
What is the muscularis externa
Two layers of smooth muscle
37
What is the structure of the outer/inner layer of the muscularis externa?
Outer = longitudinal inner = circular
38
What does the action of the muscularis externa create?
Waves of contraction/relaxation - moves food down the digestive tract (peristalsis)
39
What is between the two layers?
The myetenic plexus
40
What does the myetenic plexus control?
GI motility
41
What is the serosa?
A layer of epithelium
42
What does the serosa form part of?
the peritoneum
43
What does the peritoneum line?
The abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs
44
What is the enteric nervous system?
A branch of the autonomic nervous system
45
Why is the enteric nervous system different to other autonomic branches?
Because it can operate independently of the CNS
46
What does the enteric nervous system consist of?
myenteric and submucosal plexi
47
Which state of swallowing is voluntary?
The pharyngeal stage
48
What is the pharyngeal stage initiated by?
the muscles of the tongue pushing the bolus backwards - when it contacts the pharynx the swallow reflex is triggered
49
What do the palliative muscles do?
lift the soft palate to block off the nasopharynx
50
What is the larynx lifted by?
The infahyoid (muscles of the throat)
51
What does the action of the innfahyoid do?
Moves the epiglottis over the trachea, preventing food from passing down it
52
What do pharyngeal constrictors do?
Contract sequentially to move food down the pharynx
53
Which stage of swelling is involuntary?
Oesophageal
54
What is the oesophagus lined with?
Stratified squamous
55
What is the lower oesophageal sphincter formed by?
Bands of muscle from the diaphram
56
What does the muscular is externa of the upper third of the oesophagus consist of?
Skeletal muscle
57
What do the two lower thirds of the oesophagus consist of?
smooth muscle
58
What is the oesophagus innervated by?
Vagus Nerve
59
What vessels supply the GI tract?
Branches of the abdominal aorta
60
Which is the most superior branch?
Coeliac Trunk
61
What is the middle branch?
Superior mesenteric artery
62
What is the inferior branch?
Inferior mesenteric artery
63
What vertebral level to the coeliac trunk arise?
L1 (upper border)
64
What vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?
L1 (lower border)
65
What vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?
L3
66
What does the coeliac trunk supply?
organs of the superior abdomen
67
What is the stomach supplied by?
The right and left gastric arteries, right and left gastroepiploic arteries
68
What is the superior duodenum supplied by?
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
69
What is the liver supplied by?
The hepatic artery
70
What is the pancreas supplied by?
the superior pancreatic duodenal artery and splenic artery
71
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Organs of the mid gut - the GI tract from the inferior duodenum to the left colic flexure
72
What does the inferior pancreaticodudenal artery supply?
inferior aspects of the duodenum and pancreas
73
What does the inferior pancreatic duodenal artery anatomise with?
the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
74
What do numerous branches of the superior mesenteric artery form?
Large loops known as arcades
75
Where do the arcades run?
In the mesentery
76
What is supplied by the arcades?
The jejunum and ileum
77
What dies the ileocolic artery supply?
terminal illeum, veriform appendix and inferior ascending colon
78
What supplies to ascending colon?
right colic artery
79
What supplies the transverse colon?
middle colic artery

Anatomy (6 decks)

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