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Semester 3 W1 Falls and old age > The ageing process > Flashcards

The ageing process Flashcards

1
Q

What is life span

A

The potential maximum to which a species can live

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2
Q

WHat is life expectancy

A

Average number of years a person may live from a given age

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3
Q

What is healthy life expectanct

A

The average number of years a person may live in good health from a given age

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4
Q

What is aging?

A

No set definition, but usually follows lines of age-related change being: Deleterious, progressive, intrinsic, universal

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5
Q

How do smoking and sun exposue effect the skin

A

Ages it

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6
Q

What happens to height and fat as the body ages

A

Loss of height, loss of fat free and lean body mass, gain and redistribution of adipose tissue

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7
Q

How can skin change as it ages?

A

Wrinkes, blotchiness, thinning epidermis, slowing of keratinocyte generation, loss of elasticity in dermis, lumps and bumps, dry

Pathological: Ulcers,skin cancer

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8
Q

What is solar elastosis?

A

UV radiation breaks down elastic tissue in the skin

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9
Q

What are solar letigines

A

Dark brown spots appearing with age

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10
Q

What are melama?

A

Dark patches of skin usually on face related to fmale hormones

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11
Q

What are actinic keratoses

A

A kind of rough scaly area on skin

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12
Q

How does UVB cause solar aging

A

can cause DNA mutation directly by creating compounds that affecting pyrimdine bases.

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13
Q

How does UVA cause solar aging

A

penetrate into dermis and damage leads to smaller dermis and damage to blood vessels. Damage DNA directly through production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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14
Q

How do both forms of UV cause solar ageing

A

Inflammation and production of cytokines, attracting neutrophils, leading to free radical generation

Can cause Vit A deficiency in skin

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15
Q

What are langerhans/dendritic cells and how do they change frequency with age

A

On infection of an area of skin, the local Langerhans cells will take up and process microbial antigens to become fully-functional antigen-presenting cells.

Decrease with age

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16
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma

A

Skin cancer common in Uk, but rarely metastasises. Related to sun damage

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17
Q

What is Squamous cell carcinoma

A

occurs where there is squamous epithelium, such as cervix. On skin linked to sun exposure

18
Q

How can damaged/aged skin be repaired

A

Retanoids can alter structure of skin, CO2 lasers resurface skin by causing collagen production

19
Q

What is sarcopenia

A

The loss of skeletal muscle with age, via inactivity or loss of motor neuron innervation

20
Q

What changes to the MSK system are seen with age

A

Sarcopenia, osteoporosis, cartilage changes

21
Q

Why does mucle mass and strength decrease with age

A

Lack of activity, fat infiltrating muscle, inflammation, innervation

22
Q

What are the cardiovascular changes of aging

A

Stiffening and widening of large arteries, reduced ability to contract/dilate large arteries, reduced responsiveness to exercise, postural hypertension, cardiomegely

23
Q

What is cardiomegely

A

Abnormal enlargement of heart

24
Q

What cardiac diseases are more likely with age

A

Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, CHD

25
Q

How does systolic BP change with age?

A

It increases

26
Q

How does aging impact the respiratory system?

A

Intercostal/diaphragm muscles weaken, lungs become less elastic, reduced cilliary function, impaired ventilation

27
Q

What respiratory pathologies are more common with age

A

Lung cancer, bronchitis

28
Q

How does the GI tract change with age

A

Reduced absoption, mucus secretion, motility, and hepatocytes.

CONSTIPATION

Increased risk of gallstones, cancer, diverticulosis

29
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

Diverticulosis occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract. When one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called diverticulitis.

30
Q

How does aging affect the genitourinary system?

A

GFR decreases, poor adaptability, reduced ability to postpone bladder voiding, cannot completely do so, prostatic hypertrophy

31
Q

What genitourinary pathologies can arise with age

A

Urinary incontinence, prostate hyperplasia/cancer

32
Q

What is presbyopia

A

long-sightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

33
Q

What is presbyacusis

A

Presbyacusis is the progressive, sensorineural hearing loss that occurs with age. It is typically bilateral and symmetrical, and is very common after 55 years of age. It results from a gradual loss of cochlea hair cells and degeneration in the cochlea nerve.

34
Q

What are the main theories for explaining the ageing process

A

Gene regulation, free radical theory, neuroendocrine, as well as cell reproduction limits, programmed cell death, reliability theory

35
Q

What is a free radical?

A

Any independently ecisting molecular species that contains an unpaired electron. Many are unstable and highly reactive. They make DNA mutation more likely

36
Q

What does ROS stand for?

A

Reactive oxygen species

37
Q

How are ROS formed?

A

From cell reactions

38
Q

How do ROS influence DNA?

A

They cause damage to nuclear DNA

39
Q

What do SIRT1 and SIRT3 do?

A

When activated they deacetylate severa; proteins that promote resistance to oxidative stress (antioxidant response)

40
Q

What does the gene theory of ageing propose?

A

With each cell division, telomeres shorten, and once telomeres reach a cartain length cells cease replicating.

Telomerase can repair telomeres

41
Q

Wjhat factors influence rate of telomere shortening?

A

Age, smoking, exercise, body weight, genetics (not sex) and stress

42
Q

What does the homeostatic/neuroendocrine theory of aging propose?

A

Hypothalamus becomes lesss sensitive, loss of fine hormonal control, cortisol increases, has a role in fat production/storage, decreases bone formation

Semester 3 W1 Falls and old age (7 decks)

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