The Age of Reformation: AD 1517 - 1646 Flashcards
Luther’s Theses
October 31, 1517. 95 Theses: “Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences.” Martin Luther: professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg. Luther sent the Theses to the Archbishop of Mainz and also may have posted them on the door of All Saints’ Church and other churches in Wittenberg. The pamphlets were quickly reprinted and translated and distributed throughout Germany and Europe. They initiated a Pamphlet war with the indulgence preacher Johann Tetzel.
Cortez Takes Mexico
1519 - A Spanish conquistador that led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of Mexico under the rule of King of Castile in the early 16th century. This was the start of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Diet of Augsberg
1518 - the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsberg. The meetings of 1518, 1530, 1547/48, 1555, during the Reformation and ensuing religious war between the Catholic emperor and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League were notable. 1530 - 3 issues: defense of the Empire against Ottoman threat, issues related to policy, currency, and wellbeing, disagreements about Christianity. The Augsberg Confession was intended to be an expression of the faith of the universal church, and thus a basis for a reconciliation between the Lutheran Reformers and the Roman Church.
Pizzaro Takes Peru
1529 - Spanish conquistador.
Calvin’s Institutes
John Calvin’s seminal work of systematic theology. One of the most influential works in Christian theology. The book was written as a introductory textbook on the Protestants’ Creed for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a board range of theological topics from the doctrines of the church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty. It attacked Roman Catholicism and other teachings that Calvin deemed unorthodox.
The Society of Jesus
aka the Jesuits. Religious order of the Catholic Church. Founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola with the approval of the pope. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations.
Council of Trent
held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent in Northern Italy. It was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it was the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. The council issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by proponents of Protestantism. The Council met for 25 sessions.
Peace of Augsberg
aka the Augsberg settlement. Treaty between Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and the Schmalkaldic League signed in September 1555. It ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent, allowing rulers to choose between Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism.
Presbyterian in Scotland
Presbyterianism was a distinct movement that occurred during the Protestant Reformation. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French Theologian John Calvin and the work of John Knox, a Scottish Catholic Priest who studied with Calvin in Geneva. In August 1560 the Scots Confession was adopted as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom.
Edict of Nantes
Signed inn April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, aka the Huguenots, rights in the nation.
Ricci in Peking
Italian Jesuit Priest and a founding figure of Jesuit China missions. Entered the Forbidden City of Beijing in 1601. Converted several prominent Chinese officials to Catholicism.
30 Years’ War
longest and most destructive conflict in European history, lasting from 1618-1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, 4.5-8 million people died as a result of battle, famine, and disease. The first phase from 1618-1635 was primarily a civil war between German members of the Holy Roman Empire. After 1635, the Empire become one theatre in a wider struggle between France. This concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
